Unit 4 APHG Unit review

Members: 55(all countries in Africa

Purpose: To advocate peace, security, and stability on the continent through greater cooperation, economic development, and global integration

Headquarter:

• Addis Ababa. Ethiopia

• Johannesburg, South Africa

Drawn across an area before significant population or cultural landscape features are established.

Ex: Pryanees Mt. between Spain and France

Political and social system in South Africa enforcing racial discrimination against non-Whites, existing from 1948 to the early 1990s.

an anti-apartheid figure, played a pivotal role in ending this discriminatory system. After 27 years in prison, Mandela's negotiations with the government led to the dismantling of apartheid policies, and he became South Africa's first Black president in 1994, marking a significant transition towards democracy and inclusivity.

Members:8 (Canada, USA, Russia, and other countries in Northern Europe

Purpose: To foster cooperation, coordination, and interaction among the arctic states with participation of arctic indigenous communities

Headquarters: Tromsø, Norway

Members: 10 (Countries in SE Asia)

Purpose: To advance economic growth, peace, social progress, and cultural and economic development in the region

Headquarters: Jakarta, Indonesia

Area with some degree of self-governance or freedom from external authority, often geographically distant or populated by a national minority.

Greenland, as it is an integral part of the Kingdom of Denmark but has a significant degree of self-governance. Although geographically distant from mainland Denmark, Greenland has its own government and parliament, known as the Inatsisartut. The Greenlandic people, primarily Inuit, form a distinct national minority within the Danish Kingdom.

Gathering in 1884-85 where European powers divided and colonized Africa, leading to the General Act of the Berlin Conference.

The drawing of borders that did not consider the ethnic, cultural, or historical realities of the African societies within those boundaries. European powers, without regard for local dynamics, divided the continent into artificial territories to suit their imperial interests. This often resulted in the grouping of different ethnic groups and rival communities within the same borders, leading to social tensions and conflicts that persist to this day.

Geographical feature on land or sea that restricts military movement, reducing combat power.

Straight of Hormuz; It lies between the Gulf of Oman and the Persian Gulf. Around 1/3 of the world's natural gas and around 1/4 of the world's oil passes through this narrow waterway

Establishment of settlements and imposition of political, economic, and cultural principles by one country in another territory.

The British Empire left lasting cultural imprints on language, legal systems, and governance structures in many nations. While positive legacies include infrastructure development and educational institutions, negative consequences involve social inequalities, conflicts from artificial borders, and the enduring effects of exploitative economic practices.

Culturally defined political boundaries based on religion or language spatial patterns.

Ex: The boundary between India and Pakistan for religious reasons

Colonized peoples gaining control over their territory.

Drawing of boundaries, like electoral precincts, states, or counties.

Placing a political boundary on the landscape using barriers, fences, walls, or markers.

Area where military activities are forbidden by treaties or agreements.

the one between N and S Korea, symbolizing the long lasting tension between the 2 countries

to make (a country or organization) more democratic.

Transfer of power from central government to local or regional administration.

racial, ethnic, or religious differences, particularly in multiethnic societies

USA,Canada, and other European countries Like Spain and the UK

Territory within a larger territory with culturally distinct inhabitants.

Ex: Lesotho, Vatican City, San Marino

Strip of land belonging to an entity but not connected by land.

Ex: Alaska

Forced removal of ethnic, racial, or religious groups from a territory.

Members: 27 (countries all over Europe)

Purpose: To integrate members politically and economically

Headquarters: Brussels, Belgium

Iceland: Fishing laws, have oil; financially stable

Switzerland: same and also historically neutral

UK: same but not the neutral part.

Sea zone where a state has special rights for marine resource exploration and use; stretches out to 200 nautical miles from its coast

Political entity with self-governing regions under a central federal government.

Ex: USA, Germany, Australia, Canda, India

Capital city relocated for economic or strategic reasons.

Brasília, Brazil: Brasília was constructed to shift the political and economic focus from the coastal cities of Rio de Janeiro and São Paulo to the central-western region

Abuja, Nigeria: Nigeria moved its capital from Lagos to Abuja in 1991 to create a more centrally located administrative hub

Formed by arcs or straight lines regardless of physical or cultural features.

Ex: 49th parallel

Manipulating district boundaries for political advantage.

• Politicians draw district lines to make sure they have a good chance of winning elections. This makes most races not very competitive. Gerrymandering helps one party win more seats in the state legislature and Congress, even if they don't win as many votes overall.

• It also causes discrimination as it has often been used to reduce the representation of minorities.

Alternatives:

• In some states, they use a committee with an equal number of members from each political party, along with independents, to draw the district boundaries. This helps ensure fairness and prevents one party from unfairly controlling the process.

Dispersing a group into several districts to prevent a majority

Combining like-minded voters into one district to prevent them from affecting elections in other districts

Diluting a minority-populated district with majority populations

Redrawing two districts in order to force two elected representatives of the same party to run against each other

Moving an area where an elected representative has support to an area where he or she does not have support

Extending a country's rule over foreign nations through various means.

Imperialism is a border concept that includes a variety of ways of influencing another country or group of people by directing Conquest economic control or cultural dominance colonialism is a particular type of imperialism in which people move into and settle on the land of another country

Located outside any nation's territorial waters.

Assertion that a minority outside a country's borders belongs to it historically and culturally.

Crimea serves as an example of irredentism with Russia asserting historical and cultural ties to the peninsula as justification for its annexation in 2014. The contested status of Crimea underscores the challenges and geopolitical implications associated with irredentist claims and the clash of national identities. Ukraine is de jure while Russia is de facto

In fact, or in effect, whether by right or not. Like Russia taking over crimea, by law they cant do that but they still claim it as theirs

By law; like Ukraine owning Crimea

Sovereign state comprising two or more nations.

Ex: Canada, UK, India, Belgium

Nation operating more than one state within its borders.

Korea is an example because it is a divided nation with two separate states, North Korea and South Korea, each functioning as a sovereign entity on the Korean Peninsula.

Culturally distinctive group bound by shared ethnicity, beliefs, and customs.

Kurdish nation, Catalns nation, Basque nation, and Uyghur nation

State where the majority shares the same culture.

Japan, France, and Egypt

Using capitalism and globalization to influence developing countries.

Members: 30 ( United States, Canda, Iceland, most countries in Western Central Europe, and turkey)

Purpose: to provide Mutual defense of member states

Headquarters: Brussels, Belgium

redistributing seats in a legislative body based on changes in population.

Drawing electoral district boundaries, so they roughly have the same number of people.

( The sate legislature does this)

A former boundary line is still marked by landscape features.

Ex: W and E Germany; Berlin wall

a country which is formally independent but which is primarily subject to the domination of another, larger power.

the countries that were part of the soviet union; Ukraine, East Germany, etc.

Process by which a country determines its statehood and government.

In the recent independence movement, many Scottish people were campaigning for an independent Scottish national state, completely separate from England and the rest of Britain.

A place located between two very different and controversial regions

Eastern Europe (Ukraine) has historically been a shattered belt between Western Europe and Russia while eat Western Europe has historically been Roman Catholic or Protestant Russia has been orthodox and Western Europe was generally capitalist and Russia was Communist

Right of states to control affairs within their boundaries without external interference.

Serbia rejects Kosovo's sovereignty based on historical and cultural ties, considering Kosovo a crucial part of its national identity and history. Additionally, Serbia contends that Kosovo's independence violates its territorial integrity, challenging established principles of international law and United Nations resolutions. Concerns about the rights and safety of the Serbian minority in Kosovo further contribute to Serbia's opposition, creating a complex geopolitical situation in the region.

a centralized authority that enforces a single political, economic, and legal system within its territorial boundaries. Often synonymously with “country”

Ex. Belguim, Nigeria, USA

all the 195 countries accepted by the UN

Ethnic group without its state and not the majority in any nation-state.

Ex: Kurds; Turkey Armenia Iraq Iran Azerbaijan and Syria

Drawn after the cultural landscape's development; A boundary drawn to accommodate religious ethnic linguistic or economic differences

Ex. Northern Ireland (UK, loyalists, protestant) and republic of Ireland (nationalists, Catholic)

Right to vote in public elections.

Boundary forced on existing cultural landscapes by conquering powers.

Berlin conference, on seperating Africa

States relinquishing sovereignty for benefits of a larger political-economic entity.

Attempt to control a defined territory as an exclusive domain; the behavior

associated with the defense of the home territory

Unlawful use of violence and intimidation for political aims.

Government guided by a religion.

Iran

The central government dictates local autonomy and the nature of local units in a country with a strong national identity.

France, China, Japan, Italy

Federal

Authority of the Government 

• Shared between the central government and provincial, state, and local governments

Hierarchy of Power

• Multiple levels of power diffused throughout federal, state, and local governments

Type of Country Where Commonly Used

• Multiple ethnic groups with significant minority populations

Strengths

• Often represents needs of local and regional areas, not just national issues

• Can be quicker to address and more representative of local and regional issues

• Power is spread across the country, not consolidated in the core area

Weaknesses

• Contradictory laws can exist between levels of government

• Often slower and more difficult to gain consensus and respond to national issues

Unitary

Authority of government 

• Held primarily by the central government with very little power given to local governments

Hierarchy of power 

• No hierarchy of sovereign powers

Type of country where commonly used

•  Few cultural differences and small minority populations

Strengths

• One set of laws and policies

• Clarity of national policies to other governments and the people

• Can be cheaper to run since there is only one level of government

Weaknesses

• Laws and policies often overlook minority, local, regional, or periphery issues

• Power and benefits are often concentrated in the core areas of a country

Members: 193 ( Most countries in the world, 2 others as non-member observer states)

Purpose: To promote peace security and human rights

Headquarters: New York City

the international agreement that resulted from the third United Nations Conference on the Law of the Sea, which took place between 1973 and 1982

A state that has a degree of but not complete self rule

Ex. The Four Corners region of the United States the borders are Arizona, Utah, Colorado, and New Mexico it is one of the largest American Indian nations the Navajo.

It is usually related to a cultural phenomena

Without territory connected to an ocean

This occurs when two or more parties disagree over how to interpret the legal documents or maps that identify the boundary

explain how a boundary functions

When a boundary separates natural resources that may be used by both countries

How a boundary will be maintained how it will function and what goods and people will be allowed to cross

This area extends up to 12 nautical miles of sovereignty where commercial vessels may pass but non-commercial vessels may be challenged a nautical mile is equal to 1.15 land measured miles

Coastal states that limited sovereignty for up to 24 nautical miles where they can enforce laws on customs immigration and sanitation

Another way to say international waters past 200 nautical miles

Small island developing states

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A primary allegiance to a trainal group or ethnicity

Beagle of the World Trade Organization is to have countries agreed to set a fair non-discriminatory guidelines for international trade the second goal is to ensure that trade flows smoothly freely and predictably