Disease Detectives

Vector

Cluster

period of time.

Morbidity

Bias

Agent

Incubation period

the first appearances of the symptoms of

the disease.

Mortality

Virulence

Epidemiology

disease conditions in a population.

Infectivity

Parasite

organism.

Risk

Pathogenicity

Surveillance

interpretation of data.

Pandemic

countries and geographic locale with a

large population affected.

Prevalence

at a given time.

Pathogenicity

Incidence

arise in a population.

Outbreak

expected in a given area, at a given time.

Zoonosis

Fomite

example of this.

Reservoir

1. Prepare for field work, 2. Establish the existence of an outbreak, 3. Verify the diagnosis, 4. Define and identify the cases, 5. Describe in terms of time, place and person, 6. Develop a hypothesis, 7. Evaluate the hypothesis, 8. Refine hypothesis, 9. Implement control and prevention measures, 10. Communicate findings

Environment, Host, Agent or Time, Person, Place

epidemiological triad?

Biological - bacteria, viruses

Nutritional - lack of nutrition, excess nutrition (obesity)

Chemical - poison, alcohol

Physical - radiation, trauma

agents: (ANSWERS MAY VARY)

Biological -

Nutritional -

Chemical -

Physical -

Epicurve

1. Point

2. Common continuous

3. Propagated

the graphs below.

1. Strength of association, 2. Consistency, 3. Specificity, 4. Alternative explanations, 4. Temporality, 5. Dose-response relationship, 6. Biological plausibility, 7. Experimental evidence, 8. Coherence

agent, reservoir, portal of exit, mode of transmission, portal of entry, susceptible host.

•Influenza: VIRAL

•Aspergillus: FUNGAL

•Gonorrhea: BACTERIAL

•Ascaris: PARASITIC

•Tuberculosis: BACTERIAL

•Toxic Shock Syndrome: BACTERIAL

•Genital Warts: VIRAL

•Strongyloides: PARASITIC

•Chagas disease: PARASITIC

•Cholera: BACTERIAL

whether the following diseases are bacterial, viral, fungal, or parasitic in origin. Write the

origin next to each disease.

•Influenza:

•Aspergillus:

•Gonorrhea:

•Ascaris:

•Tuberculosis:

•Toxic Shock Syndrome:

•Genital Warts:

•Strongyloides:

•Chagas disease:

•Cholera:

In 2009, a community survey of people who went on the Zipper at the Syosset Carnival for blood pressure was conducted in which residents were asked how many times they had their blood pressure tested in the past year. The answers from the first 20 participants

are listed below. In 2014, they did the same thing.

2009: 0, 2, 0, 0, 24, 1, 2, 0, 2, 2, 1, 1, 0, 0, 5, 1, 360, 10, 2, 3

2014: 2, 1, 0, 0, 2, 1, 4, 3, 2, 1, 0, 4, 2, 52, 1, 9, 2, 7, 4, 5

Organize the data into a table of frequency distribution. Find the mean, median, and mode of the data set. You must set the columns for the distribution yourself.

a.) Systematic deviation of results or inferences

b.) Surveillance, Selection

c.) Widen the study base by contacting people at other

locations, including (but not limited to) hospitals,

preschools, elementary schools, and middle schools,

various businesses and workplaces, and senior homes.

often exceeded 40°C. To do this, he visits 10 public and private high schools located in Chicago and 20 others scattered around the state of Illinois. Each student fills out a survey asking them about their living conditions and experiences during those 10 days, any preexisting health conditions, and any changes in health during or following the heat wave.

a.) Define bias

b.) What is one type of bias identified in this study?

c.) How can this study be altered to change its bias?

Selection bias: occurs when study subjects are selected for the study as a result of a third unmeasured variable which is association with both the exposure and the

outcome.

1. Epidemiologists identify a population that is exposed to a suspected carcinogen and a non-exposed population and track them to determine who develops leukemia.

Recall bias: In a case control study, patients do not remember exposures that they do not believe caused the disease as well as those they believe did cause it (cases) and they don't recall some exposures as clearly as cases (controls)

Information bias: Occurs from systematic error in the assessment of a variable

True

True or False

d. The exposed and non-exposed groups under study be as similar as possible with regard to possible confounding factors

a. There be an equal number of persons in both study groups

b. At the beginning of the study, those with the disease and those without the disease have equal risks of having the factor