Microbiology Exam 4 Part 1

studied byStudied by 146 people
5.0(7)
get a hint
hint

Exogenous electron acceptor (fermentation or respiration?)

1 / 75

Tags and Description

Probiotics, Wine, and Beer

76 Terms

1

Exogenous electron acceptor (fermentation or respiration?)

Respiration

New cards
2

Pyruvate or derivative as electron acceptor (fermentation or respiration?)

Fermentation

New cards
3

Fermented foods

Chocolate, dairy products, meat products, vegetables and vegetable products, and yeast bread

New cards
4

Fermentation in food used for...

Food preservation

New cards
5

Fermentation in food may involve...

A succession of microbes

New cards
6

Fermentation in food is a ___ process

Self-limiting

New cards
7

Self-limiting process

Fermentation products inhibit fermenters

New cards
8

Fermentation in food changes ___ of the food

The flavor, odor, and texture

New cards
9

Dairy products are fermented using ___ bacteria

Lactic acid (LAB)

New cards
10

Characteristics of lactic acid bacteria

Acid-tolerant, aerotolerant, Gram-positive, non-spore forming, and strictly fermentative

New cards
11

Examples of lactic acid bacteria genus

Lactobacillus, lactococcus, leuconostoc, and streptococcus

New cards
12

Probiotics in yogurt are not necessarily...

The fermentative bacteria

New cards
13

Probiotics

Live microorganisms which, when administered in adequate amounts, confer a health benefit to the host

New cards
14

Sources of probiotics

Dietary supplements, fermented food, and non-oral supplements

New cards
15

Prebiotics

Substances (such as food) that promote the growth of probiotics

New cards
16

Probiotics must have ___ in order to survive inside one's body

Prebiotics

New cards
17

Can protect probiotics against stomach acid

Fat in yogurt

New cards
18

Pros of probiotics (5)

Considered safe for healthy individuals (nonpathogens), immunomodulation, improve general intestinal balance and health, improve oral health, and may lower blood pressure and serum cholesterol

New cards
19

How can probiotics improve general intestinal balance and health? (5)

Anticancer effects, colonization resistance, control of diarrhea, improve lactose intolerance, and treatment of enteric disease

New cards
20

Area of immunomodulation

Intestines

New cards
21

Cons of probiotics (3)

Difficult to accurately assess effectiveness, may cause mild side effects and systemic infection in severely immunocompromised individuals, and not regulated by FDA

New cards
22

Why is the effectiveness of probiotics difficult to accurately assess?

Each individual and each probiotic is different

New cards
23

How can the fact that probiotics are not regulated by the FDA be problematic?

Misleading advertising, most yogurts have relatively low CFU counts, and voluntary "Live Active Culture" seal

New cards
24

Voluntary "Live Active Culture" seal at time of...

Manufacture

New cards
25

Probiotics may becomes ___ in severely immunocompromised individuals

Opportunistic pathogens

New cards
26

Alcoholic beverages produced by...

Yeast from fermentation of sugar to CO2 and ethyl alcohol

New cards
27

Production of alcoholic beverages begins with...

Formation of liquid containing carbohydrates in readily fermentable form

New cards
28

Wine

Fermentation of grape juice

New cards
29

Beer

Fermentation of malted grain

New cards
30

Distilled beverages

Distillation of fermented solutions

New cards
31

Distilled beverages to make...

More concentrated alcohol

New cards
32

The science of wine production

Enology

New cards
33

Steps of wine production (4 - in order)

Must preparation, fermentation, aging, and racking

New cards
34

Steps of must preparation (2 - in order)

Grapes are crushed to yield must, must treated with sulfur dioxide fumigant, and Saccharomyces cerevisiae or S. elliposideus added

New cards
35

Types of wine fermentation

Primary and secondary

New cards
36

Primary wine fermentation

3-5 days at 20-28 degrees C

New cards
37

Secondary wine fermentation

1-3 weeks at ~20 degrees C

New cards
38

Secondary wine fermentation is also called...

Malolactic wine fermentation

New cards
39

Wine aging allows...

Bitter components to dissipate

New cards
40

Racking removes...

Sediment during fermentation

New cards
41

Alcohol content of wine

10-14%

New cards
42

How is sweet wine produced?

Fermentation is stopped before the fermentation of sugar can occur

New cards
43

How is sparkling wine produced?

CO2 byproduct is trapped

New cards
44

First two steps of ale and beer production (in order)

Mash and wort

New cards
45

Mashing

Process used to release fermentable sugars from grains

New cards
46

How to yield mash

Activation of enzymes and germination of grains to yield malt, and malt transferred to mash tun and mixed with water

New cards
47

Steps of wort production

Mash heated with hops in brew kettle and then hops are removed

New cards
48

Purpose of hops

Assist in clarification (i.e., serves as an antimicrobial) and provide flavor

New cards
49

Heating of mash to produce wort...

Inactivates hydrolytic enzymes

New cards
50

Wort

Clear liquid containing fermentable carbohydrates

New cards
51

Latter four steps of ale and beer production (in order)

Wort pitched, fermentation, storage, and bottling

New cards
52

Pitch

To inoculate wort with desired yeast

New cards
53

Types of yeasts used to pitch wort

Bottom yeast and top yeast

New cards
54

Bottom yeast

Sit on bottom and used in production of lager beers

New cards
55

Lagering

Storage (of ale and beer)

New cards
56

Top yeast

Float to top and used in production of ales

New cards
57

More CO2 (bottom yeast or top yeast?)

Top yeast

New cards
58

More foam (bottom yeast or top yeast?)

Top yeast

New cards
59

Higher pH (bottom yeast or top yeast?)

Bottom yeast

New cards
60

Fermentation of lager beer

7-12 days at 6-12 degrees C

New cards
61

Fermentation of ale

5-7 days at 14-23 degrees C

New cards
62

Usually added at bottling of ale and beer

CO2

New cards
63

How is CO2 added at bottling of ale and beer?

Using sugar

New cards
64

At bottling, beer can be...

Pasteurized or sterilized by filtration

New cards
65

Alcohol content of ale and beer

2-25%

New cards
66

Not supposed to be aged

Ale

New cards
67

Supposed to be consumed warm

Ale

New cards
68

Scotch

Whiskey made in Scotland

New cards
69

Bourbon

Whiskey made in Kentucky that is 25-50% corn

New cards
70

Extension of beer-making process

Whiskey

New cards
71

Distilled spirits

Liquor

New cards
72

Whiskey and bourbon begin with...

Sour mash

New cards
73

Sour mash (of whiskey and bourbon) is inoculated with...

Homolactic bacteria

New cards
74

Following fermentation, sour mash (of whiskey and bourbon) is...

Distilled to concentrate alcohol

New cards
75

Color of fresh distillate

Colorless

New cards
76

Color development of distillate occurs during...

Aging

New cards

Explore top notes

note Note
studied byStudied by 3 people
Updated ... ago
5.0 Stars(1)
note Note
studied byStudied by 17 people
Updated ... ago
5.0 Stars(1)
note Note
studied byStudied by 3 people
Updated ... ago
5.0 Stars(1)
note Note
studied byStudied by 5 people
Updated ... ago
5.0 Stars(1)
note Note
studied byStudied by 3 people
Updated ... ago
5.0 Stars(1)
note Note
studied byStudied by 9 people
Updated ... ago
5.0 Stars(1)
note Note
studied byStudied by 20 people
Updated ... ago
4.0 Stars(1)
note Note
studied byStudied by 12016 people
Updated ... ago
4.8 Stars(48)

Explore top flashcards

flashcards Flashcard37 terms
studied byStudied by 4 people
Updated ... ago
5.0 Stars(1)
flashcards Flashcard44 terms
studied byStudied by 14 people
Updated ... ago
5.0 Stars(1)
flashcards Flashcard244 terms
studied byStudied by 317 people
Updated ... ago
5.0 Stars(4)
flashcards Flashcard63 terms
studied byStudied by 2 people
Updated ... ago
5.0 Stars(1)
flashcards Flashcard75 terms
studied byStudied by 404 people
Updated ... ago
5.0 Stars(2)
flashcards Flashcard36 terms
studied byStudied by 14 people
Updated ... ago
5.0 Stars(1)
flashcards Flashcard33 terms
studied byStudied by 15 people
Updated ... ago
5.0 Stars(1)
flashcards Flashcard76 terms
studied byStudied by 9 people
Updated ... ago
4.0 Stars(1)