INR TEST 3

Think of environmentalists. Sometimes they think globally, they don't think of being critical of the government's policies on the environment. They Are now in a subgroup that's worldwide and paying more attention to whether they are burning too much of the Brazilian forest. So the events that are going on in their own countries go ignored. This happens in many groups.

The early twenty-first century world is characterized by the proliferation of actors, the bifurcation of world politics into state centered and multicentric worlds, the impact of technologies, the globalization of national economies heightening levels of interdependence, the weakening of authority within states, the rise of newly empowered subgroups, and a widening gulf between the developed and less developed worlds.

brings things together

takes them apart

Refers to the idea that systems of human interaction function within structural contexts that are permanent.

The number of actors and the distribution of capabilities among them

It provides the essential basis for theory. It is like a framework and the canvas for the artist. It is what you take for granted when you conduct research.

This term is composed by structure, agents, and system.

Samuel P. Huntington

MACKINDER: one of the founding fathers of geopolitics and geostrategy

Mackinder

TRUE

Mahan Theory

Shifting alliances. They are not permanent.

viewed as a multidimensional system, where the perceptions held by political leaders of environmental conditions (the psycho milieu), and the conditions themselves, were the objects of study and analysis.

culture

geography

it can influence human decisions only if human beings perceive factors related to the milieu

the psychological relation between organism and environment

such factors can limit individual performance or the outcome of decisions, based on perceptions of the environment.

It assumes that a person consciously responds to the milieu through perception.

divided into 3 subcategories Shared understanding Expectations Social knowledge

Intersubjective: what we believe or face, or how we see things, is the result of interactions with others since we are little. We create images of things that have to do with our view of things

Social processes are embedded in regimes and institutions that produce among relevant actors

Dramatic evolutionary changes to norms and practices (this can be applied to change in laws made by policy makers)

Elites with a shared understanding of a particular subject who develop a strategy for achieving their goals, play a major innovative role.

The characteristic in geography of political or geographic land divisions, as a group, not being interrupted by other land of water.

Shared understanding Expectations Social knowledge

Innovation: The creation of new values and expectations Selection: The extent to which values and expectations became embedded in the minds of the group Diffusion: The degree to which new values and expectations spread from one group to another.

Geography as a variable that is especially important in facilitating conflict The role of geography itself as a source of conflict

War is traceable to the human nature and behavior War is traceable to the internal structure of the state War is traceable to the international anarchy

Herbet Spencer William Graham

Bendetto Croce Oswald Spengler

Giovanni Gentile Houston Stewart Chamberlain

Doctrine that opposes established political authority in all its forms

They oppose all the oppressive instruments of coercion that they associate with the government (bureaucracies, courts, police, the military, and institutions of private property and religion). They seek liberation from these and all forms of external constraint on human freedom.

Mikhail Bakuniri

Henry David Thoreau

Leo Tolstoy

Alvin and Heidi Toffler

First wave: Second wave: industrial-age civilization based on factory production that resulted from the industrial revolution, which resulted in urbanization, mass education, mass media, and changes to social structures (family). The source of cheap labor and mass production.

Third wave: post industrial society based on information-age technologies, with a fast pace of technological and cultural change. They sell information, engage in innovation, and broaden their range of service (like military protection).

first wave

Second wave

third wave

true

true

true

(TRUE)

(TRUE)

(FALSE)

true

true

For a system to be considered stable it needs to be able to receive inputs and outputs and provide solutions to its problems without shutting down. If a system is stable it should:

• Prevents war outbreaks

• Prevent domination of a single state

• Ensure safety of its members

• Maintain its essential characteristics

Moving equilibrium and dynamic equilibrium are the same thing. He refers to moving equilibrium, which means that the system is constantly receiving inputs, outputs in the form of feedback, and producing new solutions in order to fight against anything threatening to imbalance the system

NATURE Instinct theories of aggression Intraspecific aggression Animal behavior studies NURTURE Learned aggression and military training Socialization, displacement, and projection

Marxist theory seeks to explain conflict and war through the internal structure, and the way the economy is set up. Kant, on the other hand, was trying to explain war and conflict through external aspects. He believed that states would be at peace with one another if they were all democracies. There would be freedom for trade, which would facilitate interdependence (democratic peace).

those that seek the explanation through war in the internal structure of the state(state level) (liberals and Marxist-Lenninist), and those that search for the explanation in one or more aspects of the international anarchical system (Kant, Rousseau, Waltz).