Molecular Biology Quiz

• Process ⟹ DNA to RNA

• Template ⟹ DNA

• Enzyme ⟹ RNA polymerase

• Product ⟹ complementary RNA sequence

• Process ⟹ RNA to Amino Acid

• Template ⟹ RNA

• Organelle involved ⟹ Ribosomes

• Product ⟹ amino acids, and eventually protein

• Proteins monomers ⟹ Amino acids

• Protein function ⟹ ‘doers’ of the cell

• What are they?

  • Groups of 3 RNA nucleotides

  • Read by ribosomes

  • One codon ⟹ one amino acid.

• Where are they found? mRNA or DNA

• Structure

  • Double-helix

  • Base pairing rules ⟹ A - T and C - G

  • Sugar-phosphate backbone

  • Anti-parallel

• Monomers ⟹ Nucleotides

• Function ⟹ Store genetic information/genes

  • Location ⟹ Nucleus or cytoplasm

• Structure

  • Single-stranded

  • Base pairing ⟹ A - U and C - G

• Monomers ⟹ Nucleotides

• Process ⟹ transcription makes RNA

  • Where is RNA made? Nucleus

enzyme that replicates the nucleotides with the appropriate base

enzyme that connects two fragments of DNA

a change in the DNA-base sequence

a base is substituted for a different base

extra base is inserted into the sequence; causes frameshift

a base is deleted from the sequence; causes frameshift

no effect; type of substitution mutation

changes the amino acid to be different than the one produced with no mutation; type of substitution mutation

random stop

it changes the sequence of the RNA nucleotides, leading to different amino acids being produced

Any mutation that causes a frameshift (insertion + deletion) is the most impactful; substitution mutations can sometimes be harmless

can lead to different species and can affect the way an organism lives (good or bad)

• Purpose ⟹ to find and identify DNA, RNA, or protein sequences

• How to use it:

  • Go to website

  • Enter sequence in the search bar

  • Click on ‘BLAST’ and the program will search the database

  • Analyze the data

• Purpose ⟹ to cut DNA; to create sticky ends

• How they work:

  • Restriction enzymes find their specific restriction site

  • Restriction enzyme cuts both strands - creating either sticky or blunt ends

when the restriction enzyme cuts directly across from each other

when the restriction enzyme cuts staggered, leaving one short single-stranded sequence without its complement; *wanted for making recombinant DNA/plasmids*

location where the restriction enzyme cuts the sequence

• Purpose ⟹ used for genetic engineering

• How to make it:

  • Cut both DNA samples with the same restriction enzyme

  • Mix the samples so that the sticky ends are attracted to each other

  • Ligase will join the sugar-phosphate backbone of the recombinant molecule

• Purpose ⟹ to separate molecules based on size and charge

• How does it work:

  • An agarose gel is poured and sets

  • Samples are loaded into the wells

  • The gel is placed in the chamber with a buffer solution

  • An electrical current is supplied and molecules move through the gel

the farther away the band is from the well, the smaller the molecule; molecules with a negative charge would go to the positive electrode and vice versa

• Purpose ⟹ to cut DNA at a specific and programmable sequence - we can then insert a gene of interest in that location

• How it works:

  • Cas9 is given a guideRNA

  • Cas9 searches the DNA looking for the complementary sequence to the guide RNA

  • Once it finds the sequence, Cas9 cuts the DNA

  • Fix the gene

• Purpose ⟹ to compare DNA samples

• Steps:

  • Cut DNA with restriction enzymes

  • Run DNA samples on a gel (gel electrophoresis)

  • Compare banding patterns on the gel

• Purpose ⟹ to makes copies of DNA

• Steps:

  • Heat to denature

  • Cool and allow primers to recombine

  • DNA polymerase extends the new DNA nucleotide chain

  • Repeat cycle

• Purpose ⟹ to determine the sequence of bases in a segment of DNA

• Steps:

  • Replicate DNA in 4 different samples - one for each dideoxynucleotide (chain-ending nucleotide)

  • Separate replicated fragments by electrophoresis

  • Read from shortest fragment to largest to know the order to the bases (shorter closer to the electrode)

• Purpose ⟹ to use bacteria to make proteins for medicines and other uses

• Steps:

  • Isolate and cut plasmid with restriction enzyme

  • Cut our gene of interest with the same restriction enzyme

  • Mix DNA samples

  • DNA ligase will join the fragments together

  • Mix recombinant plasmids with bacteria and some will take up the recombinant plasmids

  • Select the transformed bacteria

  • They will make the protein of your interest

• What is it ⟹ a small extra ring of DNA in the cytoplasm of bacteria

• Purpose ⟹ transfer foreign genetic materials into a cell

Through transcription and translation (transcription first (ALWAYS!!) and then translation)

adaptor between the nucleic acid form of genetic info and the protein genetic info

tells ribosomes how to make proteins

type of substitution mutation that only affects a few nucleotides

the molecule chain to which mRNA connects transcribed DNA code