Philosophy Final Exam Review

the love of wisdom

the freedom of being able to decide for yourself what you will believe in by using your own reasoning

student of socrates, preached "doing philosophy", said philosophy is an activity, teacher to Aristotle, performed in an intimate environment with trust, wrote Euthyphro The Republic The Apology and Crito

came up with the socratic method, considered the father of philosophy, questioned conventional beliefs in Athens on a quest for wisdom, left no writings of his own

looks at the extent and realiability of our knowledge, truth, and logic, and whether knowledge is possible

looks at the ultimate characteristics of reality of existence

asks about our moral obligations and moral virtues; our moral principles; what is morally good; and the morality of behaviours, social policies, and social institutions

presocratic, explaining reality, made of water, first to take philosophical approach

presocratic, reality was boundless

presocratic, air is the source of things, similar to Thales

presocratic, matter was made up of the 4 elements

presocratic, reality is changing

western materialism, everything consists of atoms and empty space

influential math thinker, believed everything derived from numbers

presocratic, suggested one god who was not anthropomorphic, or a god who did not imitate human qualities

presocratic, change is an illusion, founded Eleatic school

presocratic with Parmenides, change is an illusion

feminist philosopher, anarchic thinking

a Jewish philosopher who saw humans as ultimately free beings

jain philosopher, knowledge predates senses

believed that humans are basically self-interested and act on survival

Sigmund Freud, Thomas Hobbes and Moritz Schlick

humans are made in the image and likeness of God

St. Augustin of Hippo & St. Thomas Aquinas

we see ourselves as reasoning, free, moral beings who have an immaterial soul

Plato, Aristotle

only the material body exists

Hooves, Schlick, Ninian Smart

there is no God to determine our nature, so humans have no purpose or nature except the one they make themselves

Sartre

gets rid of the self all together, holds that nothing in the universe, not even the self remains the same

Hume, Buddha

said that some creatures have random variations that can be inherited by offspring, and those with advantageous variations survive and pass them on

we can think of the self without a body, so it is not a body; we cannot think of the self without thinking, which is not a material act

Descartes

claims that emotions, desires & reason are equal, says that the traditional rationalistic view and Platos theories are sexist

said the mind is a computer following a program that generates certain outputs when given certain inputs

Alan Turing

the view that matter is the ultimate constituent of reality

holds that reality consists of minds and their ideas

there is God

everything is God

everything is God but God is still his his own entity

God is transcendent but no imminent

existence is not property or a part of the concept of a thing

proof of God through design

for all we know nature and living are made by a non-intelligent mechanisms, Darwins natural selection,

can be disapproved by Newton, it is possible for the series of movers and causes in the universe to be infinite

there is no God

no commitment to God or no God

he direct experience of a religious reality, involve the feelings of dependence, mystery, terror, and bliss

Many believe in God not on the basis of rational proofs but because of a direct personal experience of the divine

it is legitimate (not wrong) to choose on the basis of our "passional nature," even without sufficient evidence in support of the option we choose

is the view that there is one and only one correct set of moral standards that everyone should follow everywhere and always

argues that because societies differ in the moral standards they accept, it follows that there is no single correct set of moral standards everyone should adopt; instead, people should follow the standards that their own society accepts

category of theories hold that a morally right action is one that produces more good and fewer bad consequences than any other action

type of egoism that claims that a morally right action is one that produces more good and fewer bad consequences for oneself than any other action

such as Epicurus claim that good consequences are those that produce pleasure for oneself, whereas bad consequences are those that produce pain

claims that a morally right action is one that produces more good and fewer bad consequences for everyone than any other action

category of theories that claim that whether an act is right or wrong depends on factors other than or in addition to the non-moral value of relevant consequences

says that when an action has both a good and a bad effect-it produces one good but destroys another

says that to be a morally good person I must never do something unless it is what I believe everyone ought to do

says humans will achieve happiness only by fulfilling their specific purpose, which is to exercise their reason, and to do so in an excellent or virtuous way

Gilligan

Jeremy Bentham

includes both retributive , which looks at how fair punishments are, and distributive , which looks at how fairly society distributes benefits and burdens

holds that benefits and burdens should be distributed unequally according to peoples ability, effort, achievement, or social status

holds that everyone should have equal shares of societys benefits and burdens

say there are no relevant differences among people, so all should be treated equally

holds that political rights and economic opportunities should be distributed equally but that all other economic benefits and burdens should be distributed according to the relevant differences among people

holds that benefits and burdens should be distributed so as to maximize social benefits and minimize social harms

holds that burdens should be distributed by ability and benefits by need

of Rawls requires equal liberty in societys political institutions, equal opportunity for desirable jobs and positions, and the difference principle, which says economic inequalities are just only if they produce benefits for the least advantaged

of Nozick holds that equality and maximum liberty are just in the political arena but that economic goods should be distributed as people freely choose to distribute what they make or are given

Rawls

argues that a just government is one we would choose to live under if we chose without knowing whether we would be rich or poor, black or white, and so forth

Rousseau

argued that without government, peoples property and security are at risk

society in general and government in particular must grant each individual the freedom to believe what she wishes, the freedom to live as she wishes, and the freedom to associate with whomever she wishes, so long as she harms no one in the process

argue that social contract theory mistakenly ignores Aristotles and Hegels claim that government is not an artificial construct but is a natural outgrowth of our social nature

would condemn terrorism because it is usually violence that is not authorized by a legitimate authority

justice when approaching war

justice when in war

• (1) God is that than which nothing greater can be conceived

• (2) than which nothing greater can be conceived must exist in reality and not merely in the mind

• (3) so God exists in reality

• (1) If we find an artifact, like a watch, that is designed to achieve a purpose, we can conclude it was made by an intelligent being.

• (2) But things we find in nature, especially living things and their parts, are designed to achieve a purpose.

  (3) So, by analogy, we can conclude they were made by an intelligent being, and this is God.

• (1) Some things move.

• (2) What moves must be moved by another moving thing, which must be moved by another moving thing, and so on.

• (3) This series of moving movers cannot be infinite, for then their motion would have no origin.

• (4) The origin of their motion cannot be moving, for then it would have to be moved by another.

• (5) This unmoving origin of motion is God.

type of utilitarianism claims that the right action is the one that itself produces more pleasure and less pain for everyone than any other action.

is supposed to not have the wrong implications that act utilitarianism does.

is a nonconsequentialist theory that says the morally right action is the one that God commands for example, in scripture.

says that human nature has certain natural tendencies and that morally right actions are those that follow these natural tendencies.

Every human being is an end in himself. we should always treat people as ends in themselves and not use them as means to achieve our own goals

considers volitional actions as supremely important because they contribute to a person’s karma, which then determines a person’s future. Also considers morality and wisdom to be closely related.

claims that moral development in women moves through

• (1) a level in which they are overly devoted to caring for themselves,

• (2) a level in which they are overly devoted to caring for others

• (3) a level in which they balance caring for others and for themselves.

“God is dead! God remains dead! And we have killed him! How shall we console ourselves, the most murderous of all murderers? Shall we not ourselves have to become Gods?”

“I see not the shadow of a reason to conclude that [the] virtues [of men and women] should differ in respect to their nature. In fact, how can they, if virtue has only one eternal standard?”

the idea that humans are nothing more than complex machines is associated with

people are forced to believe in a supreme being because of obligation

god is an illusion

awareness of things when asleep or when waking