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Antoni van Leeuwenhoek
Who is responsible for building the first simple microscope?
the taxonomic system
In the 1700s, a system was developed for naming plants and animals and grouping similar organisms together. What is this system called?
bacteria
Antoni van Leeuwenhoek was the first scientist to observe and describe _____
1932
Viruses were first seen with an electron microscope around what year?
animacules
In the early years of microbiology, microorganisms were referred to as _____
Prokaryotes do not have a defined nucleus and eukaryotes do.
What is the main difference between prokaryotes and eukaryotes?
only asexually
Bacteria and archaea reproduce _____
budding
Which of the following is NOT a form of locomotion used by protozoa?
hot springs
Where are you most likely to find archaea?
Finding eggs in a blood sample
What is one way that a technician is able to diagnose a patient with a parasitic worm infection?
Eduard Buchner
Who was responsible for demonstrating that cell-produced proteins called enzymes were responsible for chemical reactions in a cell?
the scientific method
Which of the following methods provided scientists with a framework for scientific investigation?
A group that is treated the same as other groups except for the variable being tested
In the context of a scientific experiment, what is a control group?
hypothesis
A possible answer to a research question asked by a scientist is referred to as a _____
Louis Pasteur
Who discovered that yeast cells can ferment grape juice to make wine?
microbes
In 1857, Louis Pasteur hypothesized that disease in people was caused by _____
Robert Koch
Who was the first person to isolate microbes from disease victims by smearing blood, pus, or sputum samples onto gelatin media?
epidemiology
John Snow's work with cholera cases laid the foundation for the science now known as _____, which investigates the occurrence, spread, and distribution of human disease.
smallpox
What disease did Edward Jenner develop a vaccine for in the late 1700s?
antiseptics
What was Joseph Lister's contribution to fighting infection and disease?
electronics
Microbes today are used in many ways to help improve our lives. Which of the following is NOT a contribution by microbes?
immunology
The study of how our body fights infection by pathogenic microbes is called _____
bioremediation
What process uses living microorganisms to detoxify polluted environments?
genetic engineering
Scientists have begun to manipulate genes in microbes, plants, and animals for practical applications. What is this cutting-edge technology called?
Fifty percent of the experimentally infected must make a full recovery.
Which of the following is NOT one of Koch's postulates?
Father of Microbiology
Louis Pasteur is considered to be the _____
nucleus
What is the main structural feature that eukaryotic cells possess, but prokaryotic cells lack?
bacteria and archaea
What are the two types of prokaryotic organisms?
10 μm - 100 μm
What is the typical size range for eukaryotic cells?
movement
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of all living things?
archaea
Which of the following is NOT a eukaryote?
glycocalyx
Sometimes prokaryotic cells are surrounded by a gelatinous, sticky substance. What is this structure called?
fimbriae
What is an external structure of prokaryotic cells that helps them adhere to each other and to substances in their environment?
hami
What is the name of the archaeal attachment structures that project from the surface of the cell and have ends that resemble a grappling hook?
protection from osmotic forces
Which of the answers below best describes one of the functions of the bacterial cell wall?
in the outer membrane of gram-negative bacterial cells
Where can lipopolysaccharide be found?
To control the passage of substances into and out of the cell
Which of the following is a function of the cytoplasmic membrane?
Active transport is used to move materials against their electrochemical gradient.
Active transport across the cytoplasmic membrane differs from facilitated diffusion in what respect?
Endospores form in response to harsh environmental conditions.
Which of the following statements about endospores is TRUE?
ribosomes
Which internal structure(s) of prokaryotic cells is/are the target of many antibacterial drugs?
hypotonic
A bacterial cell, which has a cytoplasmic solute concentration equal to 0.85% NaCI, is placed into a tube containing a solution that has a NaCI concentration of 0.2%. Into what type of solution has the cell been placed?
animal
Which of the following eukaryotic cell types does NOT have a cell wall?
membrane rafts
What specific structures within the cytoplasmic membrane of eukaryotic cells can some viruses use during viral entry or during replication and propagation?
sterols
What substance do eukaryotic cells contain in their cytoplasmic membranes that helps maintain membrane fluidity?
peptidoglycan
Which of the following substances is NOT found in the cell walls of any eukaryote?
Eukaryotic flagella are located within the cytoplasmic membrane.
What is one way in which the flagella of eukaryotic cells are different from the flagella of prokaryotic cells?
Eukaryotic ribosomes are 80S.
Which of the following statements best describes the ribosomes of eukaryotic cells?
To help the cell sense nutrients in its environment
Which of the following is NOT a function of the cytoskeleton in eukaryotic cells?
golgi body
What organelle is responsible for receiving, processing, and packaging large molecules that are destined to be secreted from the cell?
mitochondrion
What organelle is sometimes called the "powerhouse of the cell"?
chloroplast
What light-harvesting structure must eukaryotic cells have in order to harvest light energy during photosynthesis?
endosymbiotic theory
What theory explains the semiautonomous nature of mitochondria and chloroplasts?
decimeter
Which of the following is the largest?
micrometer
Which unit of measure is used to measure the size of cells?
1/1,000 of one meter
A millimeter is _____
0.000003 m (or 3 × 10-6 m)
Three micrometers is equivalent to which of the following?
nanometer
What unit of measure is used to measure the size of viruses and cellular organelles?
The lens refracts the light rays and focuses them on a focal point; the object appears larger as the rays of light pass through the focal point.
How is an object magnified by light passing through a lens?
The distance between two corresponding parts of a wave of radiation
Which of the following best defines "wavelength"?
resolution
What do you call a microscope's ability to distinguish between two objects that are close together?
numerical aperture of the lens
Which of the following qualities of lenses used in microscopes improves the resolution of the microscope?
the differences in intensity between an object and its background
With regard to microscopy, "contrast" is best described as _____
bright field
In what type of microscopy is visualization of the specimen dependent on the illumination of the background?
The contrast is better and allows better visualization of details.
What is an advantage of using dark-field microscopy instead of bright-field?
differential interference contrast
What type of light microscopy increases the contrast to such an extent that the image of the specimen appears three-dimensional?
phase contrast
What type of light microscopy is used to view the internal structures of microbes?
scanning electron
What type of microscopy uses an electron beam to create a three-dimensional image of cell surfaces?
To observe the specimen while it is still alive
Which of the following is NOT a reason why scientists use stains to view microbes?
Make a smear and heat fix it
What must a scientist do before a specimen can be stained?
All of the above
Differential staining can be used for which of the following?
A. To differentiate types of cells
B. To differentiate structures within cells
C. To detect the presence of certain chemicals in cells
D. All of the above
Because they have large amounts of waxy lipid in their cell walls
Why are some bacteria, such as those of the genera Mycobacteria and Nocardia, NOT effectively stained with the Gram stain?
capsule stain
An acidic dye, which has a negative charge, is used in which of the following staining techniques?
phylum
Which of the following taxonomic categories is the broadest?
Escherechia coli
Which of the following is the correct binomial for a species?
Escherichia coli
Coli
Escherichia Coli
Escherichia coli
ribosomal nucleotide sequences
What is the basis for assigning organisms to domains?
by the formation of a plaque
When performing "phage typing," how would one know if the bacterium is killed by any of the bacteriophages?
biochemical testing
What is one way in which microbiologists can distinguish between different bacteria that are similar in morphology and staining characteristics?
Carolus Linnaeus
Who developed the taxonomic system in the mid-1700s?
Note
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