APUSH Period 6 (1865-1898) (copy)

a party dedicated to securing more rights for agricultural workers (farmers)

A literary movement taking place from 1865 to 1900 that argued argued the environment had an inescapable force in shaping human character. To improve life people should improve their environments.

• central park

"Survival of the fittest" in society. Took up the language of evolution to frame an understanding of the growing gulf between the rich and the poor. The explanation they arrived at was that businessmen and others who were economically and socially successful were so because they were biologically and socially “naturally” the fittest. Conversely, they reasoned that the poor were “naturally” weak and unfit and it would be an error to allow the weak of the species to continue to breed. Used to argue that some races are superior to others.

Argues that one should work harder to improve their life. Rags to Riches is possible.

An international religious and charitable group organized for evangelizing and social betterment (of the poor). They believed urban areas deserved support through charity and building gyms and libraries. Supported the poor and middle class.

The belief that, as the guardians of society's wealth, the rich have a duty to serve society; promoted by Andrew Carnegie; Carnegie donated more than $350 million to libraries, school, peace initiatives, and the arts.

Settlement houses were organizations that provided support services to the urban poor and European immigrants, often including education, healthcare, childcare, and employment resources.

People should speak English and understand American values to be American citizens — the assimilation movement

• Industrialism

• Immigration

• Urbanization

• Western Settlement

Sas when the American economy grew rapidly and individuals were able to use monopolies to amass great wealth. There was little regulation of business. Farming ↓ Business ↑

granted migrants 160 acres westward IF they would farm and settle it

The law authorized the President to break up reservation land, which was held in common by the members of a tribe, into small allotments to be parceled out to individuals.

a set of laws that barred Chinese immigration for 10 years and prevented Chinese already in the country from becoming citizens

Prohibited a white person from entering “Indian Country” without a license — ignored during the period of western expansion

Mining camps grew rapidly in size to become cities almost overnight but were abandoned once the area was cleared out of minerals.

Cooperative organizations of farmers that provided opportunities and aid to farmers

freedmen who migrated to states along the Mississippi River to Kansas under the Homestead Act or similar legislation

The founder of Hull House

a place where immigrants of diverse communities gathered to learn, to eat, to debate, and to acquire the tools necessary to put down roots in their new country

Says that humanity would continue to progress as long as there was new land to move into. The frontier provided a place for the homeless and impoverished and solved social problems.

Process of making Natives "American"; Dawes Act - assimilated through cutting hair, changing tribal identities, providing individual land plots

Democratic candidate for president in 1896 under the banner of "free silver coinage" which won him support of the Populist Party.

Party-linked organizations that controlled cities. Provided services in exchange for support. Stole millions of $ from cities.

an American politician most notable for being the political boss of Tammany Hall, the Democratic Party's political machine

The government gave land to states to create universities

1st black to earn a Ph.D. from Harvard, encouraged blacks to protest unjust treatment and demand equal rights, helped create NAACP in 1910

Advocated vocational training for African-Americans. Founded the Tuskeegee Institute. Acquire skills first, then get equal treatment.

a secret organization of Spanish-Americans attacked Anglo ranchers moving into Las Vegas

The first strike that spread across multiple different states in the U.S. This strike finally ended 52 days later, after it was put down by unofficial militias, the National Guard, and federal troops. Occurred because of economic problems and pressure on wages by the railroads, workers in numerous other cities, in New York, Pennsylvania, and Maryland, into Illinois and Missouri, also went out on strike.

A landmark U.S. Supreme Court decision ruling that racial segregation laws did not violate the U.S. Constitution as long as the facilities for each race were equal in quality, a doctrine that came to be known as "separate but equal”

Plessy v. Ferguson was a landmark U.S. Supreme Court case that upheld the constitutionality of racial segregation laws for public facilities as long as they were "separate but equal." This decision established the "separate but equal" doctrine, which allowed for racial segregation and discrimination for several decades until it was overturned (in a way) by Brown v. Board of Education (1954).

a period of widespread social activism and political reform across the United States focused on defeating corruption, monopoly, waste, and inefficiency

A compromise made to award the disputed electoral votes of FL, LA, and SC to Rep candidate Rutherford B. Hayes (winning him the 1876 election) in return for federal troops withdrawing from the south

centers for

• worship

• learning

• socializing

• political organization

the establishment of schools (for all levels)

a series of conflicts sparked when white settlers moved into and desired Indian Territory

a spiritual movement that was thought if Indians participated in this ritualistic dance then the ghosts of their ancestors would return and finally drive the white man from the land

The Freedmen's Bureau was a federal agency established to assist newly freed African Americans and impoverished whites in the aftermath of the Civil War. It provided food, clothing, medical care, and education to those in need. The bureau also helped negotiate labor contracts, settle disputes, and protect the civil rights of freedmen. Despite its efforts, the bureau faced opposition and limited resources, leading to its eventual closure in 1872.

The period following the Civil War focused on rebuilding and reuniting the country after the abolition of slavery. The main goals of Reconstruction were to address the social, political, and economic issues resulting from the war and to ensure the rights and freedom of newly emancipated African Americans. Various policies and amendments were implemented during this period, including the Reconstruction Amendments (13th, 14th, and 15th Amendments) and the Freedmen's Bureau.

With the withdrawal of federal troops from the South and the rise of Jim Crow laws, leading to the segregation and disenfranchisement of African Americans.

ended slavery

guaranteed African Americans U.S. citizenship and equal protection under the law

guaranteed black men the right to vote

a white supremacist hate group that terrorized African Americans in the south

• Systems in which white landlords (often formed plantation slave owners) entered into contracts with impoverished farm laborers to work their lands

• Those renting shared a portion of their payment with landlords

Because the price of crops remained low, sharecroppers and tenant farmers fell into a cycle where they didn’t make enough to pay off their loans, leaving them with less money than when they started.

He gave a series of impassioned public speeches and articles that envisioned a “New South” as he said it. He dreamed of a new South of increasing economic prosperity, but his vision did not extend to civil rights for African Americans

Name for the increased industrialization in the South after the Civil War. This idea envisioned a southern economy enriched with broadly expanded manufacturing facilities and commerce. An idea that wanted to mimic the North’s Second Industrial Revolution. Most of the South did not follow this, but some cities were industrialized.

textile mills

A system of LEGAL racial segregation and discrimination that existed in the United States from the late 19th century to the mid-20th century. It enforced racial segregation in public facilities, schools, transportation, and housing, primarily targeting African Americans. It also focused on stripping African Americans in the South of their 14th and 15th Amendment rights. The term "Jim Crow" originated from a character in minstrel shows (common in the North), which perpetuated racist stereotypes.

A series of laws enacted in the United States during the Reconstruction era after the Civil War. These laws were designed to restrict the rights and freedoms of African Americans and maintain white supremacy while also acknowledging their freedom. They varied by state but generally aimed to control and exploit the newly freed slaves. They imposed restrictions on labor, limited property ownership, restricted movement, and denied African Americans access to education and voting rights. The Black Codes were eventually replaced by the Jim Crow laws in the late 19th century.

The 14th Amendment

declared a black person to be vagrant if unemployed and without permanent residence and would put them into slavery for this, which included laboring on plantations

Occupy the south with military troops

The Compromise of 1877

agricultural, sharecropping and tenant farming

• Mark Twain

• To note the fact that this was not a Golden Age where everything is overall positive and well off, but that they were living in an age characterized by corruption and decay, but covered up by a thin layer of gold, or the positives that attracted positive attitudes

a Scottish-American industrialist and philanthropist. He was born on November 25, 1835, in Dunfermline, Scotland, and immigrated to the United States with his family in 1848. Carnegie became one of the richest men in the world through his leadership in the steel industry. He founded the Carnegie Steel Company, which later became part of U.S. Steel. Carnegie is known for his philosophy of "The Gospel of Wealth," where he believed that the wealthy had a responsibility to use their wealth for the greater good of society. He donated a significant portion of his wealth to various causes, including the establishment of libraries, universities, and other educational institutions.

Founded the Standard Oil Company, which dominated the oil industry and was the first great U.S. business trust.

apartment housing complexes and they were not illegal, however, the conditions were unsanitary and at times dangerous.

also known as the Technological Revolution, was a phase of rapid scientific discovery, standardization, mass production and industrialization

It was stronger, cheaper, and more versatile than other materials. Steel allowed for the construction of massive structures like bridges, railways, and buildings, which fueled industrial growth and urbanization. It revolutionized industries like transportation, construction, and manufacturing. Steel was the backbone of the technological revolution, making it possible to build bigger, better, and more innovative things.

• 1865 - 4th largest industrial economy

• 1898 - 1st

• 1865 - Mostly farmers

• 1898 - Mostly factory workers

• 1865 - own pace

• 1898 - company’s pace

• 1865 - not large gap

• 1898 - HUGE gap

• Mass production methods

  • Bessemer Process

• Business Tech

  • telephone

  • typewriter

  • electricity

• Shipping Tech

  • railroads

• Advertising

  • Brands

  • Catalogs

• Management

• Efficiency measures

• Railroad subsidies

• Governement’s laissez-faire appraoch to handling business (hands off approach)

• Vertical integration - controlling every part of the supply chain

• Holding companies & trusts - allowed mergers that put many companies under the control of one parent company

• Higher standard of living

• Labor Unions

• International expansion

functions to protect workers’ wages, hours of labor, and working conditions

A strike between union workers and the company (Carnegie Steel). The strike resulted when the company brought Pinkerton detectives to act as strikebreakers. A battle ensued between the strikers and strikebreakers. Eventually the Pennsylvania state militia marched into town, surrounded the steelworks, and reopened the plant. The state government had sided with the owners. The union had been defeated.

a person who works or is employed in place of others who are on strike

• Background: George Pullman made a company town for his workers. He had strict control over aspects of workers’ lives, including rent and wages. When economic depression hit, Pullman refused to lower rent or increase wages

• Strike: the ARU went on strike and it spread across the country — disrupting rail traffic and commerce

• Response: Grover Cleveland, to protect U.S. mail (carried by trains) dispatched federal troops to quell the strike —> confrontation and violence. Union leaders were arrested.

a town where workers worked and lived

• American Railroad Union

• The union that went on strike during the Pullman Strike

• short term: Government response to strikes showed no real impact of unions and strikes

• long term: Drew attention to labor issues and the unchecked power of corporations

an organization of unskilled and skilled workers, campaigned for an eight hour workday, and aspired to form a cooperative society in which laborers owned the industries in which they worked

• Why:

  • government had no check on monopolies

  • Wealthy business owners routinely bribed judges and members of Congress to side with them in disputes

• Effect:

  • they could set prices for goods and services as high as they liked

  • industries could conspire to keep workers' wages low

  • they had the power to quell rebellions and complaints

Unskilled workers, immigrants, African Americans and women were welcome as members

• Decentralized and weak leadership

• Difficulty to unify under a single agenda

• The public came to associate the Knights with anarchism and violence —> Membership in the organization collapsed

• proved difficult to organize unskilled workers, as owners could easily replace them if they went on strike —> skilled workers began to believe that their alliance with unskilled laborers was hindering, rather than helping, their cause

AFL

• American Federation of Labor

• an umbrella organization that brought together craft unions—unions of skilled workers who organized together by individual trade

suburbs

1. Industrialization

2. Immigration

3. Migration

• Poverty

• Mechanization of agriculture

• Persecution and Discrimination

• The jobs were in cities

  • cities were industrial hubs

• ethnic enclaves (communities of support) among similar people in a more concentrated space

Herbert Spencer

the pseudo-scientific belief in improving the genetic quality of the human population through selective breeding and controlled reproduction

• Nativism and xenophobia pushed on the idea of immigrants being genetically inferior and posed a threat to the genetic quality of the U.S. population —> anti-immigrant/immigration laws (Chinese Exclusion Act)

• sterilization being forced onto individuals deemed unfit to reproduce

• support of eugenics by influential figures (Carnegie and Rockefeller)

Rudyard Kipling

the middle class

• A reform movement that combated inequality through shining a light on it

  • many published works

    • How the Other Half Lives

    • Ida Tarbell

    • Ida B. Wells

    • Helen Hunt Jackson

• Direct election of senators

• Unlimited coinage of silver

• Graduated income tax

• 8 hour work day

farming became a task done more by machines than with human bodies or animals

• Mechanical Reaper

• Combine Harvester

Farmers could plant WAY more crops than they could previously

• Obsolescence of small farmers

• declining crop prices—economically hurt many farmers

railroad owners charged impossibly high prices for their services, which farmers relied on

aimed to isolated farmers together or socialization and education