HSC 201 - Final Exam Vocab

• (1473-1543)

• Believed the sun was at the center of the universe, everything is still in rings

• (1642-1727)

• Gravity, mathematical physics

• Combines Galileo and Kepler's physics

• Active alchemist

• (1842-1925)

• Created the original (wrong) narrative of the sci rev

• French astronomer and author known for his popularization of science. He made significant contributions to the field of astronomy, particularly in the study of Mars and comets. He also wrote several influential books on astronomy and science fiction.

• Wrongly depicted the earlier scientists as believing the earth was flat

• "clearly they couldn't know what we know"

• 1496

• Proves we’ve known the Earth was a sphere

Greek philosopher who was a student of Plato. Known for his work in fields such as ethics, logic, and metaphysics. Developed the concept of the golden mean and the theory of the four causes. Thought of the universe as geocentric with harsh rings

Ancient Greek astronomer and mathematician. Proposed the geocentric model of the universe, with Earth at the center and celestial bodies orbiting around it. Solved the retrograde problem with epicycles.

• Material (what it was made of)

• Formal (what had to be done to it)

• Efficient (what job worked on it)

• Final (purpose for existing)

Apparent backward movement of a planet in its orbit when observed from Earth. Caused by differences in orbital speeds and distances. Ptolemy “solved” this with epicycles.

The equant was a point near the center of a planet's orbit which, if you were to stand there and watch, the center of the planet's epicycle would always appear to move at the same speed. Therefore, the planet actually moved at different speeds when the epicycle was at different points on its deferent.

People still believed Aristotle's pretty rings so everyone tried to keep them pretty

• Wrote the foreword in Copernicus's book and basically called it bullshit.

• German theologian and early supporter of the Protestant Reformation.

• He is known for his controversial work on the preface to the first edition of Nicolaus Copernicus' book "De Revolutionibus Orbium Coelestium," where he added a disclaimer suggesting that the heliocentric model was merely a mathematical tool and not a representation of physical reality.

• (1546-1601)

• Geoheliocentric model

• Wealthy and owned Uraniborg

• Danish astronomer

• Accurate and detailed observations of the stars and planets

• Developed the Tychonic system, a hybrid model of the universe

• Discovered a supernova and a comet

• Influenced Johannes Kepler's laws of planetary motion

• Complicated things because comets are not permanent

• Proved comets existed beyond the moon

• Geocentric model where the Sun and Moon orbit the Earth, and the other planets orbit the Sun.

• Proposed by Tycho Brahe in the 16th century.

• German astronomer and mathematician who formulated three laws of motion

• Defended copernicanism

• Music of the spheres

• Asked what was between the planets

• Compass and telescope

• Found craters on the moon

• Artist engineer

• The Galileo Affair

  • Around the book Dialogue by Galileo (1632)

  • Characters defined Ptolemy, Copernicus, and a middle ground

  • A conversation between the three

• Galileo honors Copernicanism in his Dialogue which makes people not too happy

• Role within the Church (wants science to be apart from it)

  • He is taken to court and called "suspicious" about supporting Copernicus

• "Father of Modern Science"

  • Followed the characteristics of math, science, and religion

  • Demonstrates that science is objective

Ancient belief that celestial bodies create a harmonious sound as they move through space. Thought to reflect the mathematical relationships and harmony in the universe. Influenced early theories of music and astronomy.

Mathematician known for the Pythagorean theorem, which states that in a right triangle, the square of the hypotenuse is equal to the sum of the squares of the other two sides. Also worked with music and astronomy.

Building things and being "logical"

Found that the moon was not perfect :(

• French philosopher and mathematician

•  mechanical philosophy

• Corpuscles take up extra space

• Vortex theory- early thoughts of gravity.

Theory by Francesco Algarotti promoting women's education in science during the Enlightenment. Advocated for women to study Newtonian physics to enhance their intellectual capabilities. Emphasized that women were capable of understanding complex scientific concepts and should have access to scientific education.

Created the first vacuum and proved that there could be empty space.

Creator of the Air Pump

Famous people came to see the air pump at work

• Italian Renaissance artist known for his paintings, such as the Mona Lisa and The Last Supper, as well as his inventions and scientific discoveries.

• Automatons

• Party trick as an engineer

• Wealthy people paid people to do whatever they wanted.

• Paid for a lot of scientific discoveries and inventions

• Automatic things

• Party tricks

• 'practicalities' (math before math was math) were tied up with art

• These were actual academies, not like Galileo with his apprenticeship

• Mathematical books had pop up geometry (math had to be learned practically) and you would have to DRAW THINGS (sketches)

• Artist-engineers were kind of together, however they could eventually be separated. The gen-eds were the same.

• Mid 16th cent.

• Focused on the study of the human person from a mechanical and artistic way

• came from Greek/Roman studies

• many mathematicians used the people's love for learning about the human body to make a reason to study math 

• people liked classical study

• Greek physician known as the "Father of Medicine."

• Believed in the importance of observation, natural causes of disease, and the body's ability to heal itself.

• shaped the way that medicine worked before the scientific revolution (460-370 BCE)

wrote many biology textbooks about early medicine (129-216)

wrote a natural history which was basically a biology textbook

plants were studied so much because they were a part of everyday life as a part of food or a type of medicine.

wrote a human anatomy textbook and was a teacher who wanted to spread the knowledge so he wrote On the Fabric of the Human Body

mainly just a proctor sitting above a lecture hall and a butcher cutting up the body as directed.

 a book about the human body parts that included little pop ups and layers of the eyes on the pages

Another interactive textbook

the study of how the planets interact with the human body

when two + celestial bodies get really close to each other. Used in astrology for an important occasion

12 constellations that circle the sun with the earth

astrology that commanded the attention of military generals and officials

medicine based off of planetary positions

Organized study of matter and how it works

matter made of multiple substances

things that you can only make into certain things

matter you could make into anything

a legendary stone that was a universal

Newton (and other alchemists) would record his data because it would outlast his lifetime. Also, he could only put together so many things, so they had to be calculated

books that listed ingredients for the different alchemy processes

legal magic like alchemy

illegal magic like black magic, hexes, curses

magic of natural forces

Invention that revolutionized the spread of knowledge by using movable type to print multiple copies of books and documents.

The term for consistent formatting and layout in printed materials, ensuring uniformity across different copies.

A traditional printing technique where a design is carved into a wooden block, which is then inked and pressed onto paper or fabric to create a print. Wouldn’t last as long as copperplate engraving and was less detailed, but was less expensive

Intaglio printmaking technique using a metal plate (usually copper) to create fine, detailed lines. The design is incised into the plate using a sharp tool. Ink is applied, wiped off the surface, and transferred onto paper using pressure. Known for its precision and richness in detail.

The widespread use of printing presses during the Scientific Revolution, enabling the rapid dissemination of scientific knowledge and ideas. This facilitated the exchange of information among scientists, leading to advancements in various fields and the development of the modern scientific method.

• 500-100

• Religious influences holding back the development of culture and intellectual development

• There were things happening in the dark ages, but in the 50s (and earlier) there was the idea that there was no development happening

• (1307-1374)

• Created the idea of the "dark ages"

• Amidst the misconceptions after the humanism movement, there were smart people who were surrounded by incorrectness

• So much of the knowledge of classical authorities came through word of mouth that news was new

• The use of gloomy words creates the idea of the DARK ages

• created the idea of the Darkness of the medieval period and the lightness of humanism and Greco-Roman ideas

• Came after scirev

• Adopted the new discoveries

• "light" ages

 "the study of history"; "the study of how history is told"

"there MUST have been a war between the church and science because why else would they repress it during the Dark Ages"

• Lots of religious turmoil in England

• People came together for the sake of the common good of the state

• You needed to be respectable and of a higher social standing

• You had to be elected to get in, monarchy was not involved

• (1660)

• Very similar to british one

• King Louis XIV would visit and engage

  • He recognizes that it is valuable to be there

• (1666) French

• 500-100 ish

• Religious influences holding back the development of culture and intellectual development

• There were things happening in the dark ages, but in the 50s (and earlier) there was the idea that there was no development happening