POPH 192 Tutorial key concepts

Create a single norm

Can get a false perception of someone/something, you are just looking at the surface level, sterotypes, fixed mindset

Your family ancestory, layer apon layering, passing on knowledge, subjective idea

• force people into doing something they don't want to do, mis treated, mis diagnosis in a health setting

everyone has some sort of mana it comes from knowing who you are, where you come from and connection to your land, directly linked to your identity.

What social factors determine your health

"the connections in which people are born, grow, work, live, and age and the wider set of forces and systems shaping the conditions of daily life. These forces and systems include economic polices, and systems, development agenda, social norms, social polices, and political systems".

Where you are on the scales, your social factors will impact this gradient and your health

"this terms means that socioeconomic status is strongly connected with health status. In general, people occupying a lower socioeconomic position have worse health. Conversely, those occupying the highest socioeconomic position often have the best health. This gradient can be measured by aspects such as a persons income, occupation, or the highest level of education that they have".

Absolute poverty: "income level below which a minimum nutrionally adequate diet plus essential non-food requirements is not affordable. The amount of income a person, family, or group needs to purchase an absolute amount of basic neccessities of life"

Relative poverty: "the amount of income a person, family, or group needs to purchase a relative amount of the basic necessitites of life; these basic necessities identified relative to each society and economy"

Death rate - it is decreasing, improvement in health care, better living conditions etc

Birth rate - paloeing, decreasing, cost of living too expensive, active contraceptives.

Total population - increasing - industrial revolution, decreasing in death

median age - increasing, more people in middle age

Communicable - decreases - sanitation, health care advancements Non-communicable - increases - air pollution, people living longer, life styles

read title, read x and y axis, read key and then how does it all relate do 4 sentences (showing 4 different points on the figure) then 1-2 comparative statements

main benefit - to eliminate bias, evenly distributed, controlled for confounding main purpose - that 2 groups are as comparable to each other except for the intervention

• increasing the probability of an association if it exists

• makes CI more narrower - more precise

• as the sample size increases, the more representative of study sample population

• decreases sample variability

low response rate

subjective - requires a judgement e.g. pain objective - involves opinion - e.g. weight

Prevents it from occuring

Aims to reduce prevalence of disease by shortening its duration, reducing severity or preventing reoccurance

Aims to reduce to number or impact of complications impove rehabiliation

(+) - wide range of benefits across society, establish new population rules/change and shift behavioural/societal norms, radical - large sweeping changes, identitfy everyone

(-) - can't make a great change in individuals at high risk, low benefit risk rate at high risk individuals, poor motivation by population to participate

(+) - individual needs specialized (niche to their own), more personal so can motivate more, favourably benefit risk

(-) - identifying who are at high risk (some people may not engage in health services so can't identify/help them), very costly - time consuming, don't create a norm - doesn't change behavioural norms, may go against social norms - hard to sustain long term (behavioural changes)

Considers a large number of studies, consenus may be reached on whether an association exists (if so how strong), must set criteria to make it good

Systematic reviews focus on answering a research question by critically amphraising a number of studies, summarising the results and drawing conclusions meta analysis - forms part of a systematic review/extension, technique that the results of multiple studies are combined into a single estimate of MoA, meta analysis within systematic review