Unit 1: Scientific Foundations of Psychology (personal edit)

The specific procedure used to determine the presence of a variable

The extent to which an instrument measures or predicts what it is supposed to

________ trained dogs to salivate in response to the sound of a tone

classical conditioning

________ believed that early life experiences shape personality and that the unconscious is the source of desires, thoughts, and memories.

________ is consistency or repeatability.

• Founded the American Psychological Association

• Founded a psychology lab using introspection at Johns Hopkins University (and became its first president)

Numbers that summarize a set of research data obtained from a sample.

• Believed that mind and body interact symmetrically (monism)

• Knowledge comes from observation

• What we know comes from experience (we are born "a blank slate”)

________ in a study should be voluntary, and not coerced or influenced as part of a grade, raise, or promotion.

A measure of the likelihood that the difference between groups results from a real difference between the two groups rather than from chance alone.

The ________ lists ethical principles and code of conduct for all psychologists.

________ used trained introspection to study

• the mind's structure

• identify consciousness's basic elements (sensations, feelings, and images)

If our behavior is determined by genes or learned through experience

The degree to which scores vary from the mean value for the set.

________ explore the relationships between brain/nervous systems and behavior.

The middle score when the set of data is ordered by size.

The ________ is the most frequently occurring score in a set of research data.

An in-depth examination of a specific group or single person that typically includes interviews, observations, and test scores.

________ provides a way of statistically combining the results of individual research studies to reach an overall conclusion.

Researchers use questionnaires or interviews to ask a large number of people questions about their behaviors, thoughts, and attitudes.

________ treat people with temporary psychological crises like grief, addiction, or social issues and those with chronic psychiatric disorders.

________ focus on how a persons mental life and behavior are shaped by interactions with other people.

Values feelings and believes people are naturally positive and growth-seeking.

Used to interpret data and draw conclusions

Uses unconscious internal conflicts to explain mental disorders, personality, and motivation

cues that might indicate the research objectives to participants

The spread or dispersion of scores for a set of research data or distribution.

A research design in which neither the experimenter nor the participants know who is in the experimental group and who is in the control group.

A line graph that replaces the bars with single points and connects the points with a line.

A research design in which the participants don’t know which treatment group- experimental or control- they are in.

Integrates biological processes, psychological factors, and social forces to provide a more complete picture of behavior and mental processes.

Cases when experimental participants change their behavior without any experimental manipulation.

Can be achieved by putting all the names in a hat and picking out a specified number of names, by alphabetizing the roster of enrollees and choosing every fifth name, or by using a table of random numbers to choose participants.

The arithmetic average of the set of scores.

a subgroup of the population

receives the treatment

does not receive the treatment

The participants in the experimental and control groups are different individuals

a variable that influences both the dependent variable and independent variable

an imitation pill, injection, patch, or other treatment