Exam 4

studies how behavior is affected by other people

concerned with how we think about others

how others influence out behavior

we make judgments about characteristics and motives of people we meet

deliberate conscious process involved in our perceptions

automatic unconscious social evaluation

Measures speed to compare a concept with an attitude

a generalization of a group that distinguishes them from others

can be held by individual or group based on group average it's difficult to change stereotypes

the groups we belong to

the groups we don't belong to

discusses how our tendency to put ourselves and others into groups affect our perception of individuals.

we view outgroup members to be similar to each other

we attribute more positive traits to our group and believe our group is better

a negative attitude towards members of a specific social group

Cognitive component emotional component behavioral component

negative perceptions

hostile feelings

discriminatory actions

shows that ingroup and out groups even happens with trivial differences

Creating and overcoming prejudice little boys going to camp different camp based on cabin played separately ate separately formed in group outgroups they fought when told to hang out together shared goal worked to get them to work together (food truck broke down, no water at camp.

Less likely to help in the presence of others. "Somebody else will help"

study that showed people tend to offer help if they know one else is around

Occurs when one adjusts behavior and opinions to match others. (hair styles, clothing, trends.)

Line length estimation study

Obeying orders even if they know it wrong

a study of obedience involving "shocking" someone if they get a question wrong

Less authority, having to actively cause harm to someone, if someone also doesn't want to do it.

Growing area of psychology concerned with the way psychologist can contribute to the promotion and maintenance of health

Biology (physically), psychology, and social factors are just as important in the development of disease as biological causes

a negative emotional state occurring in response to events perceived as taxing or exceeding ability to cope

major events (least), Minor annoyances (second), Chronic stress (Most).

Life changes, changes daily life in some way

hassles, traffic, forgetting password

Relatively long-term unpleasantness, work, family stress, money problems, resource problems

How well you bounce back

Problem-focused, emotion-focused, Personal control

tackles problem, removes problem

avoiding, "Forget about it for a while"

how much control you feel you have

more likely to have poor health

related to better health

how one explains failures of defeat

Uses external, unstable, and specific explanations for negative events.

uses internal, stable and global explanations for neg events.

High strung, exaggerated time urgency vs. Laid back, relaxed, and calm

Direct action, Palliative Measure

Includes action to change relationship to stress avoid stress escape stress prepare against harm

Deals with symptoms rather than the source of stress (Drugs, Positive thinking, exercise.)

Scientific study of the origins, symptoms and development of psychological disorders or abnormalities

rare, statistically unlikely

goes against social norms, society disapproves or thinks it is strange

for a given individual, they do not feel themselves

a mental shortcut or rule of thumb that reduces complex problem solving to simpler, rule-based decisions

A heuristic where the chances of an object being in a category is evaluated on how much the object appears alike to one’s mental representation of the category.

evaluate the frequency or likelihood of an event based on how easily instances of it come to mind.

shared goals worked to get them to work together (food truck broke down, no water at camp.

a psychological condition that is contrary to One's "well-being"

Generalized anxiety disorder Panic Attacks and Panic Disorder Specific phobias social anxiety disorder Posttraumatic stress disorder obsessive compulsion disorder

pattern of psychological symptoms that cause significant personal distress or impairs one's ability to function

Global persistent, chronic and excessive apprehension (lasting at least 6 months) Anxiety revolves around a wide range of activates, and may not have any apparent justification

Intense fear (of unknown source) -- sudden onset, trouble breathing, increase Heart rate, not enough O2, sweating trembling, catastrophic thoughts causes agoraphobia (~4.7%)

excessive fear of some object or situation (~12%)

(~4%) wanting to stay home, not wanting to go outside

(~12% at some point in life) Person is paralyzed with fear in social situations- avoids social interaction all together

Long lasting disorder that develops in response to an extreme physical or psychological trauma. (Nightmares, flashbacks, hypervigilance, intense fear)

Acting out compulsive behavior to relieve tension associated with obsession

recurring thoughts that are troublesome and persist when you try to avoid

Behaviors a person feels compelled to preform repeatedly

blood-injury-injection (BII) type, situational type (such as planes, elevators, or enclosed places), natural environment type for events one may encounter in nature (for example, heights, storms, and water), and animal type.

combination of biological, psychological, and specific factors that increase our risk for developing a disorder

specific genetic and neurobiological factors that might predispose someone to develop anxiety disorders

refers to the influences that our early experiences have on how we view the world.

how our experiences lead us to focus and channel our anxiety

Major depression Seasonal affective disorder Bipolar disorder

very common (16.6% of the population some point in life) emotional- emotion is excessive and not always based on circumstances Behavioral- Slow movements, crying, withdrawal from social activities Cognitive- difficult concentrating, suicidal thoughts physical- change in appetite and sleep patterns; lack of energy and reduced sex drive

Depression that tends to occur in the fall and winter months

Bouts of depression alternates with manic states (depending on types of bipolar disorder) dont sleep, pressured speech, impulsive

genetic factors, environmental factors, early adversity chronic stress

Antisocial Personality disorder (psychopath or Sociopath) Borderline personality Disorder, Paranoid personality disorder

Constantly on guard, believing other will harm them

Psychopath or sociopath Violating the rights of other- no guilt or remorse.

not much distress; Grandiose (they think they're better than others) thinking, high self-confidence. 4 % of population generally, not killers but can be

Person is pathologically unstable. Relationships, self-image, and emotions are all unstable

"Split-mind"- departure from reality- most extreme mental disorder

cognition thinking emotion and perception

Hallucinations Disorganized thought and speech Disorganized behavior

See self as famous or exaulted

think chance events are directly related to them

think they are being conspired against

Grandeur Reference Perception (paranoia) being controlled- outside forces exert control on the individual

Flat affect Avolition Alogia

reflect an excess or distortion of normal functioning vs. reflect absence or reduction of normal functioning

diminished emotional expression

inability to initiate self-directed behavior- may sit still for hours at a time, unable to engage in even simple actions

Reduction in production of speech

goal is self-understanding of motives and conflicts

Conflicts between id, ego, and superego repressed because they cause anxiety. uses projective test. Therapy focuses on past experiences. Expensive

looking for Reoccurring themes

Free association Rorschach Inkblot test Thematic Apperception Test