Studied by 3 peopleInorganic compounds are ?
simple, small, and generally lack carbon.
an inorganic compound that makes up the majority of human body weight is ?
Water
Why is water an excellent solvent?
because of its polarity
disperses smaller amounts of other substances by dissolving or suspending the other substances.
Solvents
substances that can be dissolved or suspended.
Solutes
A solution is a combination of ?
Solvents and Solutes
Water has a high?
heat capacity or thermal stability
thermal stability
allows water to gain and lose heat without a significant temperature change.
As a solvent, water is an important component of many
Chemical reactions in the body
How does water perform a protective function in the body?
a layer of water decreases friction between adjacent structures
When ionic compounds are added to water, or another solution, they ?
they ionize or dissociate
This process of ionize keeps dissociate results in...
the formation of solution containing anions like OH- (hydroxide ions) and others and cations including H+ (hydrogen ions) and others.
These ions or ? can conduct electricity.
electrolytes
What are considered proton donors and why.
Acids because in solution they give off H+ (hydrogen ions).
What are considered proton acceptors and why
Bases they often give off OH- (hydroxide ions).
What results from combining a strong acid and a strong base in water?
Formation of water and a salt
a measure of the concentration of H+ in solution
pH
What is a neutral pH?
7
Anything greater than 7 in Ph
basic
Anything below 7 on the pH scale is considered:
acidic
Salts are electrolytes that....
dissociate without producing hydrogen ions (H+) or hydroxide ions (OH--).
Some important salts include...
calcium and phosphorus sodium and potassium iron
Importance of calcium and phosphorus
important components of your bones and teeth
Importance of Sodium and Potassium
important for nerve and muscle function
Importance of iron
transports oxygen within red blood cells.
chemicals located in body fluids that help to maintain pH
Buffers
Organic compounds are?
large covalently bonded molecules that contain carbon
Carbohydrates include
sugars, starches, glycogen
Carbohydrates are composed of
carbon, hydrogen, oxygen (CHO)
What is CHO used for?
Structural and energy purposes
What are carbohydrates based on
Size
What are classification of carbohydrates
monosaccharides, disaccharides, polysaccharides
What are monosaccharides
simplest sugars that are the building blocks or basic units of other carbohydrates.
What are examples of monosaccharides?
glucose, fructose, ribose and deoxyribose.
What are disaccharides
double sugars
What are examples of disaccharides
sucrose, lactose, maltose
What are polysaccharides?
polymers made of complex chains of simple sugars that lack sweetness.
polysaccharides are _____ _____ molecules
Energy storage
Polysaccharides in plants
starch
Polysaccharides in animals
glycogen in the liver or muscles
Lipids are?
are large, come in several varieties, and often do not dissolve in water
What elements are lipids
carbon, hydrogen, oxygen
What are lipids used for
make hormones, absorb vitamins, insulate the body, protect body structures, store energy, and provide structure
What are classification of lipids
Triglycerides, phospholipids, steroids
What are the most common fats in the body
Triglycerides (neutral fat)
What are triglycerides made of?
glycerol and 3 fatty acids
Where are triglycerides stored?
adipose tissue
What do triglycerides do?
insulate the body, protect structures, and store energy.
Triglycerides in animals
Tend to have saturated fatty acids, being solid at room temp and having high melting points
Triglycerides in plants
Tend to have short or unsaturated fatty acids and tend to be liquid oils
How are phospholipids different then neutral fats
they substitute a PHOSPHATE group for one of the fatty acids.
Phospholipids are the primary component of ?
cell membrane
Steroids are
Flat, ring like structures
______ an important molecule in this group as all others molecules in this group are built from this one
Cholesterol
How are levels of cholesterol influenced
Levels of this fat are influenced by your diet and by liver production
What is a function of cholesterol
Form Vitamin D
Where is cholesterol found?
plasma membrane and some hormones
Proteins make up more than __ of the body's ____ ——
50% Organic matter
Protein is made up of
carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen
There are __ common amino acids
20
Amino acids serve as
Building blocks for organic molecules
polypeptides
strings of amino acids
Two basic types of protein
Fibrous and Mobile or globular proteins
What Fibrous proteins do?
Strand like proteins that are typically structural proteins that make structures in the body
What is the most abundant protein in the body?
collagen
Where can collagen be found?
bones, cartilage, tendons, and skin.
What is keratin and where can it be found
Structural protein hair, nails, and skin.
What is the use of Mobile or globular proteins
functional proteins that work in biological processes
How is the stability of mobile/globular proteins maintained
hydrogen bonds
Mobile/globular proteins contain the group
Enzymes (Usually end with "ase"), some hormones, transport proteins, and immunoglobulins that function in immunity.
Proteins have ____ levels of structure that determine how they function.
Four
When proteins are exposed to high heat they ...
denature
denature
means the chemical bonds holding the protein together start to break changing the shape and function of the protein.
What are 3 functions of nucleic acids
Make up your genes Determine what type of organism you are Manage your growth and development.
Nucleic acids are composed of
carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus
The basic building blocks of nucleic acids are
nucleotides
Nucleotides contain one of these five nitrogen bases
adenine, guanine, cytosine, thymine, or uracil
Functions of DEOXYRIBONUCLEIC ACIDS (DNA)
contains your genetic info, can replicate itself, and provides instructions for protein formation
Function of RIBONUCLEIC ACID (RNA)
carries out the instructions provided by the DNA
the energy currency of your cells?
ADENOSINE TRIPHOSPHATE
ADENOSINE TRIPHOSPHATE is made of
an adenosine molecule and three phosphates
Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) is formed by
the catabolism of glucose
Note
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