BIOLOGY EXAM

G1, S, and G2 phase of cell cycle DNA is replicated in S phase

the nuclei for the newly split cells form, the nucleoli reappear, and the chromatin uncoils

Consisting of many cells

A part of the cell containing DNA and RNA and responsible for growth and reproduction

An organelle found in plant and algae cells where photosynthesis occurs

Powerhouse of the cell, organelle that is the site of ATP (energy) production

water hating

Diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane

series of events that cells go through as they grow and divide

chromatin condenses into chromosomes centriole pairs separate, nuclear membrane dissolves which allows spindle fibers to contact chromosomes

cell elongates and sister chromatids are pulled apart toward the poles

division of the cytoplasm

cells that grow and divide continuously at an unregulated pace

stem cells that can become a limited number of types of tissues and cells in the body

A unicellular organism that lacks a well defined nucleus and membrane bound organelles

A cell that contains a nucleus and membrane bound organelles

Made of a single cell

Ratio of a cell's outside area to its internal volume.

A selectively-permeable phospholipid bilayer forming the boundary of the cells

site of protein synthesis

A system of membranes that is found in a cell's cytoplasm and that assists in the production, processing, and transport of proteins and in the production of lipids.

A structure in a cell that receives proteins and other newly formed materials from the endoplasmic reticulum, packages them, and distributes them to other parts of the cell.

A sac inside a cell that acts as a storage area

A rigid layer of nonliving material that surrounds the cells of plants and some other organisms.

water loving

Movement of molecules from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration.

Requires NO energy, Movement of molecules from high to low concentration, Moves with the concentration gradient

Energy-requiring process that moves material across a cell membrane against a concentration difference

Movement of specific molecules across cell membranes through protein channels

A process in which a cell engulfs extracellular material through an inward folding of its plasma membrane.

Process by which a cell releases large amounts of material

A solution in which the concentration of solutes is essentially equal to that of the cell which resides in the solution

Solute concentration is greater than that inside the cell; cell loses water

Solute concentration is less than that inside the cell; cell gains water

A form of asexual reproduction in which one cell divides to form two identical cells.

cell division in which the nucleus divides into nuclei containing the same number of chromosomes

Chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell

process of programmed cell death

undifferentiated cells

Stem cells that can become almost all types of tissues and cells in the body.

Stem cells that can differentiate into any type of specialised cells found in organisms of that species.

vascular tissue that carries water upward from the roots to every part of a plant

Living vascular tissue that carries sugar and organic substances throughout a plant

Evaporation of water from the leaves of a plant

The movement of sucrose and other substances like amino acids around a plant

Small openings on the underside of a leaf through which oxygen and carbon dioxide can move

Plants that have tubes inside of them to transport liquid.

Breaks down food into absorbable units that enter the blood for distribution to body cells.

the system that removes waste from your body and controls water balance

Consists of glands that control many of the body's activities by producing hormones.

process by which organisms maintain a relatively stable internal environment

A feedback loop in which a system responds to a change by returning to its original state, or by decreasing the rate at which the change is occurring.

a feedback loop in which change in a system is amplified

Stimulus - receptor - control centre - effector - response

Process of maintaining an internal temperature within a tolerable range.

The control of water balance.

A condition in which the body is unable to produce enough insulin, the hormone required for the metabolism of sugar

abnormally low level of sugar in the blood

excessive sugar in the blood

A group of similar cells that perform the same function.

Basic unit of life

Tissues are organized into:, group of tissues that work together to perform closely related functions.

groups of organs that perform specific functions in the human body

mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum

kidneys, ureters, bladder, urethra

pituitary, thymus, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal, and pineal glands; ovaries, testes, and pancreas

The experimental factor that is manipulated; the variable whose effect is being studied.

The measurable effect, outcome, or response in which the research is interested.

Factor in an experiment that a scientist purposely keeps the same

In an experiment, the standard that is used for comparison

In an experiment, a variable other than the IV that might cause unwanted changes in the DV.

descriptive data

numerical data

A testable prediction, often implied by a theory

consistency of measurement

the extent to which a test measures or predicts what it is supposed to

a measure of how close a series of measurements are to one another

how close a measurement is to the true value