Environmental Science 2

true

a transform margin

hydrolosis

the crust and the uppermost part of the mantle

Lithosphere

asthenosphere

the upper layer of the mantle

is composed of mainly iron

is under enormous pressure

produces the Earth's magnetic field

Water is released from sediments lowering the melting point of the overlying mantle.

minerals, air, water, and living and dead organic material

A horizon

mollisol

uses CO2 and produces oxygen

must be converted into a more reactive form before it can be incorporated into plants

regional differences in average temperature and annual precipitation

have very high species diversity

are underlain by oxisols

are originally organic sediments in shallow, wet terrestrial environments

take 10's of millions of years to form from heat and pressure

Nitrogen

Phosphorus

it is a polar molecule.

changing plant communities after a disturbance.

1. genetic mutation produces new trait in offspring

2. new trait allows organism to outcompete other individuals for resources

3. individual passes new traits to future generations

4. individuals with new trait stop mating with individuals without trait

true

terrestrial plant matter

marine organisms

marine shells and skeletons

no atmospheric component

has to be fixed by bacteria to be available for use in living things

main element in living things

they have high species diversity

they contain symbiotic algae

they are one of the most productive ecosystems on Earth

mutualism

semisolid, made of molten iron, produces magnetic field

solid

rigid, contains lithosphere

soft part of mantle, flows

the ancient supercontinent of 200 million years ago. Single landmass of all continents

associated with volcanic activity

it's more dense (but thinner)

because it's less dense, (but thicker)

35 km, density 2.7 g/cm3

10km, density 3.08/cm3

water

formed from melting, crystallization, hot temp, high pressure

weathering, sedimentation, lithification, low temp/pressure

heat and pressure, recrystallization, med temp, med pressure

metallic, iron

silicates

mainly silicates, also carbonates (mostly as sediments) and sulfides (ores)

made of parent material (rock) that is weathered, type depends on rock type as well as plant matter, the livivng membrane of the planet

minerals, air, water, organic material, organisms

breaking up the rock

-ex. Wind, glaciers, freeze/thaw

-most intensive in mountainous areas

acids in water break down minerals in rock

-ex acid rain

-most intensive in tropical areas

CARBON SINK acidic rain water converts minerals into ions bound to H+

-acidic rainwater: H2O (atm) + CO2 (atm) -> H2CO3

Acid rainwater dissolves limestone

Atmospheric co2 transferred to ocean deposited in sediments

fallen leaves and partially decomposed organic debris

organic matter (humus), living organisms, inorganic minerals, dark rich soil

dissolved or suspended materials move downward, pale stripe in soil profile

accumulation of iron, aluminum, humic compounds, and clay leached down from A and E horizons

soil is orange from iron

partially broken down inorganic minerals

chunks of rocks

impermeable layer, solid rock

large a horizon, B horizon, c horizon, annual plants, dark and thick, fastest moving

a horizon shallow, b horizon quite big, c is deeper

very shallow A horizon, shallow B horizon, huge C horizon, slowest moving

(boreal forest) young, acidic soils of cool, moist conifer forests underlain by pale ash colored layer

soils of deciduous forest, relatively fertile, medium brown, rich in aluminum and iron

soft crumbly dark soils formed under grass

rain forest

deep well drained soils that formed in calcareous loamy glacial till plains and moraines

elements used as building blocks in organic compounds needed to build living cells

carbon, hydrogen, oxygen

Respiration

natural and anthropogenic

human origin

10 of millions of years to form

minimum of 50 million years

207 petagrams (10 to the 15th power)

210 peragrams

net negative balance

half of anthropogenic atmospheric

atmosphere

legumes have nitrogen fixing bacteria living in nodules of their root tissue that breaks the triple bond and turns it into a form plants can use

196-733 teragrams (10 to the 12th power)

170-445 teragrams

the addition of excess nutrients to natural waters

biota, crust, atmosphere, fertilizer production

necessary for nucleic acids, cell membranes, teeth, bones, energy

biota and crust

12 teragrams

8 teragarms

important for proteins, comes from minerals

seaspray, volcanos, coal plants

lowers ph very much, creates acid rain

tropical water

nutrient poor water

-algae symbiotic with coral (corals are animals that grow their own gardens)

-nutrients are in organisms not in ground or water

-to many nutrients in water causes algae to grow in water, shading the coral reefs

more productive than coral reefs

-ecosystem services

-oxygen production

-sea bottom stabilization

-protects coats from erosion and storms

-Carbon fixation

-0.1% of ocean floor but 10% of carbon storage

-Fragile

-sensitive to eutrophication, overfishing, sediment pollution, climate change

-winds cause surface water to move away from shore

-surface water movement causes water to upwell from below

optimal range of temperature environment

acclimation

-adjustment to conditions

-ie. Acclimation, dogs growing out winter coat

evolution

-though genetic mutations creating new traits

-natural selection

The lifespan on the organism, as well as how often they breed

small scale, adapted to microenvironment, small spatial scale

-large scale. Adapted to macroenvironment, large spatial scale

-ecosystems include biota(communities of organisms)and their physical environment (crust/ocean)

converting solar energy to chemical energy

-can be very productive, not necessarily efficient

-measured in kilocalories