Late Postclassical Islam

the islamic world was firmly established across ___-___ by 1200

In 1200-1450, a politically fragmented but vibrant Islamic culture in the middle east persisted while hindu and christian groups emerged in ___ & ___

Abbasid empire’s government was decentralized; local ___ & ___ ___ claimed autonomy of their regions while giving formal allegiance to the ___ in Baghdad

In 1000, Turkish pastoralists from central Asia served as ___ ___ under the Abbasid caliphate, increasingly taking ___/___ power for themselves

11th and 12th century rulers claimed the Muslim title of Sultan, not the Turkic Kaghan as their power grew in the ME

the process of ___-speaking ppls converting to ___ represented a major expansion of faith and made them major sustainers of the religion

1200, islamic heartland fractures into ___-___ ruled by persian or turkish military dynasties

the ___ invaded, ending the abbasid caliphate in 1258 & ruling most of persia for a time

created by one of the turkic warrior groups; brings long term political unity to the ME & north afr.

in the mid-1400s, the ottoman turks created a state emcompassing most of anatolia & the balkans; the acquired a substantial ___ population and the capital ___

the ottoman’s huge territory, long duration, & econ/cultural sophistication of the 1400s was matched at the time only by the ___ and ___; this represented the turks; dominance over ___ in the islamic world

the turks sought to bring renewed ___ & ___ __ ___; with the ___ dynasty in east persia 1500s, the ottomans brought the ME to the power enjoyed in islam’s earliest centuries

as turkic influence spread through the islamic heartland, other turkic warrior groups spread islam through conquest into ___ in 1000 ce, giving rise to Islamic regimes ruling into the 1800s

the turks’ early encounters with india were violent, but their rule became more ___ with the establishment of the ___ __ ___ in 1206

in later centuries, muslim communities emerged in ___ ___; the ___ aspects of islam attracted buddhists, low-caste Hindus & untouchables, and others starting to settle into agriculture. others converted to avoid the ___ imposed on non-Muslims.

muslim holy men who helped with conversion; india valued “god-filled men”

indian muslims were only 20% of the pop. and were concentrated in the ___, ___, and ___ regions

the core regions of hinduism were not seriously challenged despite ___ ___; some prominent ___ even willingly served in politics/military of muslim regions

___ ___ flourished in the south, beyond the delhi sultanate’s reach

(1336-1646) formed partly to resist Muslim invasions in the south; more peaceful hindu-muslim interactions (hindus dominated but muslims still had a presence)

___ also had cross-cultural encounter w/ christian western europe; muslims, christians, and jews mixed more freely here than in india

spain’s ___ was the most prosperous in europe at the time; its capital ___ was among the largest in the world

all 3 ___ ___ contributed to the flourishing of arts, medicine, astronomy, & architecture

in 1000, 75% of spain’s population had…

under abd al -Rahman III, ___ __ ___ was declared, as well as opportunity for all to rise in the state’s bureaucracy

despite freedom of worship, arabized/assimilated ___ remained subordinates in the eyes of ___, and tolerance began fading by 900

spain fragmented, and ___ w/ the remaining christian kingdoms escalated (1000-1100s) while more ___ forms of islam entered from north africa

under al-mansur, the policy of religious tolerance in spain became ___ ___ ___

tensions between christians and muslims grew after the ___ ___ of spain in the thirteenth century, and in 1492, ___ ___ ferdinand & Isabella took grenada, the last Muslim stronghold in the region

despite promises to maintain muslims’ freedom of worship, in the 1500s, the monarchy ___ ___, forving muslims to ___ or be ___

after the outlaw of islam in spain, many emmigrated to ___ ___ or the ___ ___, along with 200K ___; even muslim to christian converts were banished

even after islam was outlawed in spain, arab texts continued to be translated to latin, and christian churches/palaces were built on sites of mosques & incorporated islamic features in their architecture

muslim spain’s chief significane was its role in spreading ___ ___ & ___ to christian europe