Ap Euro Final

Renaissance artistic principles

Linear perspectives, space and depth, naturalistic realism, classical revival

Humanism

Philosophy that celebrates human cultural achievements and emphasizes human reason and ethics.

Civic humanism

humanism with the added belief that one must be an active and contributing member to one's society

Girolamo Savonarola

took control of Florence from the Medici family

New Monarchs

European monarchs who created professional armies and a more centralized administrative bureaucracy.

Theocracy

A government controlled by religious leaders

Habsburgs

A ruling dynasty of the HRE, one of the wealthiest landholders in the Empire originally from Austria

Calvanists

believed God is all-powerful and good, in predestination, and in "visible saints". They broke from the Catholic Church in the 16th century

Prussia

A former kingdom in north-central Europe including present-day northern Germany and northern Poland

The Act of Supremacy

In 1534 Henry VIII had Parliament pass this legislation making him the head of the Church of England

Henry VIII

son of Henry VII and King of England from 1509 to 1547 the one that had 6 wives lol

Ivan the Terrible

first czar of Russia, known for cruelty and being constantly at war

Individualism

a social theory favoring freedom of action for individuals over collective or state control.

Oration on the Dignity of Man

Pico della Mirandola's book that portrays Plato's opinion on the limits of our senses

Anabaptists

These were the "radicals" in Reformation in which someone would choose if they wanted to be baptized

St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre

wipes out protestantism, kills 7,000 people, france remains catholic 1572

Huguenots

French Protestants influenced by John Calvin.

Protestant Reformation

• movement against Catholic indulgences

• Martin Luther's 95 Theses \n 1517

Peace of Westphalia

the peace treaty that ended the Thirty Years' War in 1648

Ulrich Zwingli

Swiss theologian whose sermons began the Reformation in Switzerland (1484-1531)

Divine Right

the idea that monarchs are God's representatives on earth and are therefore answerable only to God.

Patrons of the Arts

People who supported the artists financially

Elizabeth I

English Queen and politique who united Protestants and Catholics through compromise 1558-1603

Catholic Reformation

Catholic response to the Protestant Reformation; reformed and revived Catholic doctrine. 16th century

The Council of Trent

reaffirmed traditional Catholic beliefs against the Reformation. Q1545-1673

James I of England

He believed in divine right and that rebellion was the worst of all crimes. (1549)

Charles I

son of James I who was King of England and Scotland and Ireland

El Greco

Greek painter sculptor and architect of the Spanish renaissance 1541 -1614 mannerism Spanish Renaissance Renaissance

mannerism

a style in European art that emerged in the later years of the Italian High Renaissance

Oliver Cromwell

English general and statesman who led the parliamentary army in the English Civil War (1599-1658)

The Glorious Revolution

was the overthrow of James II by William III and Mary II 1688 bloodlessly

The Dutch Republic

merchant oligarchy, religious tolerance, Dutch Golden Age, huge economic center

Vasco da Gama

the first European to reach India by sea sailing around the tip of Africa. Age of exploration

The Fronde

series of civil wars that wanted to break the authority of the monarchy 1648-1653

Palace of Versailles

A palace built in the 17th century for Louis XIV southwest of Paris near the city of Versailles

Louis XIV

king of France from 1643 to 1715, absolute ruler, versaii, caused debt

Edict of Fontainebleau

In 1540, this edict subjected all Huguenots to the Inquisition. Evoked edict of Nantes

Jean Baptiste Colbert

This mercantilist economist was the financial advisor to Louis XIV

William of Orange

Ruler of the Netherlands who led a revolt for independence against Hapsburg Philip II of Spain

Royalists/Cavaliers

Those who remained loyal to Charles I during the English Civil War

Parlimentarian

Those who remained loyal to parliment during English civil war

The Edict of Nantes

This 1598 edict issued by Henry IV recognized the rights of France's Protestants

Secularization

Indifference to or rejection of religion or religious consideration

The Social Contract

Rousseau, suggestions in reforming the political system and modeled after the Greek polis.

Agnosticism

Belief that nothing can be known about whether God exists

Suleiman the Magnificent

Great Ottoman leader, expanded land area of Ottomans, and restructured system of law. 1520-1566

Scientific Method

A logical, systematic approach to the solution of a scientific problem

Utopian Socialists

France 1840's- called for an end in private property ownership

Mercantilism

belief in the benefits of profitable trading; commercialism.

Baroque Art

1600-1750, Art that applies naturalistic, REALIST styles and contrast with light and dark.

Commercial Revolution

• European economic change marked by guilds, banking, and capitalism

Ignatius of Loyola

This was the man who started the Jesuit movement to help people to find God around the world

English Bill of Rights

1689 laws protecting the rights of English subjects and Parliament

Social Heirarchy

grouping people by wealth or importance, rank or class

John Locke

believed all people have a right to life, liberty, and property

Two Treatises on Government

essay written by John Locke.

Mary Wollstonecraft

English writer and early feminist who denied male supremacy and advocated equal education for women

Vindication of the Rights of Women

Book by Mary Wollstonecraft that said men and women should have equal rights

Jean-Jacques Rousseau

The Social Contract, french philosioher

Thomas Hobbes

believed that people are born selfish and need a strong central authority, wrote leviathan

Johannes Kepler

German astronomer who first stated laws of planetary motion (1571-1630)

Voltaire

French writer who was the embodiment of 18th century Enlightenment (1694-1778) wrote Candide

free will vs determinism

do we freely choose our actions or is behavior caused by things outside our control?

Natural Rights

Life, Liberty, and Property, by Locke

Frederick the Great

king of Prussia from 1740 to 1786, an enlightened despot

Skepticism

A philosophy which suggests that nothing can ever be known for certain. Soubted the church

Free Market Economy ( Capitalism)

The Basic economic questions are answered by having buyers and sellers make economic decisions. Gov doesnt interfere

Romanticism

19th century artistic movement that appealed to emotion rather than reason til 1850

Issac Newton

mathematician, made gravity laws and the laws of motion

Blaise Pascal

French mathematician and philosopher and Jansenist, wanted science and religion to be combined and showed why they appealed to each other

Francis Bacon

developed the scientific method

Tycho Brahe

Danish astronomer who collected data to prove that Copernicus was correct

Adam Smith

Scottish economist who wrote the Wealth of Nations a precursor to modern Capitalism.

The Wealth of Nations

written by Adam Smith, promoted laissez-faire, free-market economy, and supply-and-demand economics

Physiocrats

Enlightenment ECONOMIC reformers, asvocated for laizze farre and adam smith

On Crimes and Punishments

Cesare Beccaria, wanted to demolish grusone and painful torture and public deaths

Deism

the belief that god created the world and then left it to its own devices

The Spirit of the Laws

Baron de Montesquieu

Atheism

Believing that God does not exist

Angelican

..., This was the Protestant church in England.

Jesuits

members of the Society of Jesus, a Roman Catholic religious order founded by Ignatius of Loyola

The Englightenment

Philosophical movement that changed the way people thought (politics, religion, rights, etc). During the 17th and 18th century "the century of philosophy" deciding to use logic and reason to decide how a country should be organized. Influenced the French Revolution