Fundamentals of Nutrition

1. Carbohydrates

2. Lipids

3. Proteins

4. Water

5. Vitamins

6. Minerals

from Chemical to Cellular energy (through metabolism)

The body needs a large amount of it. But it does not carry calories.

1. grains

2. milk

3. fruits

4. starchy veggies (compare w/ non-starchy veggies)

1. simple carbohydrates (AKA: simple sugars/monosaccharides)

2. complex carbohydrates (AKA: complex sugars/polysaccharides)

Consist of one or two basic units.

Are quickly absorbed by the body and

Provide immediate energy.

Long chains of simple sugars (compare w/ monosaccharides in polysaccharides).

Can be branched/unbranched.

Complex sugars → Simple sugars (glucose) → Transported to cells → Use for energy production or Build Macromolecules.

nutrients needed in large amounts (think macro-)

1. Carbohydrates

2. Lipids

3. Proteins

4. Water

(Hint: all are larger groups of nutrients)

a unit of food energy

1. taste, texture, and appearance

2. allergies

3. green food/sustainability choices

4. development

5. sex

6. ethnicity, culture, and religions

7. beliefs about food

8. personal preferences

9. lifestyle

10. economics

11. medications and therapy

12. health (chronic conditions)

13. alcohol consumption

14. false advertisement

15. psychological factors

• Lacto-ovo vegetarian (most common)

• Lacto-vegetarian

• Ovo-vegetarian

• Vegan

includes animal foods, eggs, and dairy.

includes dairy, no eggs.

include eggs, no dairy.

no dairy, eggs, animal foods or by-product.

Dislikes in certain foods and avoidance.

Picky eaters have limited development.

Men consume more calories > women.

Male bodies burn more calories and have a larger size.

Changing diets to achieve goals.

Low SES = unhealthy food.

Corticosteroids can increase weight.

Intense therapies like chemotherapy can lead to loss of appetite.

Severe stress and depression lead to Anorexia and weight loss.

Increased -OH = decreased appetite.

There are no enzymes in the small intestine to digest the cellulose/cell wall (compare w/ herbivores’ appendix).

By bacteria in the large intestine (esp. colon).

4 kcal per 1g of carbohydrates.

Supply energy for the heart, kidneys, the nervous system.

Done because of stored glucose.

As glycogen.

• multi-branched polysaccharide of glucose.

• main storage form of glucose (in humans)

• stored for future and urgent uses.

broken down when glucose levels decline.

1. creatine phosphate (very short-term storage)

2. glycogen phosphate (short-term storage)

3. triglycerides in adipose tissues (long-term storage)

Plants: starch.

Animals: glycogen.

• Hydrophobic molecules.

• Insoluble in water

• chloroform

• ether

• benzene

1. energy storage

2. structural integrity of cellular membranes

3. insulation and protection for organs

   (in adipose tissues)

4. cell signaling

5. vitamin absorption

6. temperature regulation (in homeostasis)

1. triglycerides (triacylglycerols)

2. phospholipids

3. sterols (steroids)

1. butter

2. oils

3. meats

4. dairy products

5. nuts

6. seeds

7. many processed foods

9 kcal per 1g of lipids.

(compare w/ carbohydrates)

Definition: Lack of necessary or appropriate food.

Subgroups: Undernutrition and Overnutrition.

Definition: Caloric intake is higher than normal.
Outcomes: Resulting in accumulated adipose tissue → obesity.

Definition: Intake of nutrients insufficient to meet daily energy requirements.

Outcomes: weight loss, weakness, delayed wound healing, increased infection risk, impaired pulmonary function, prolonged length of hospitalization.

• Macromolecules

• Have chains of subunits: amino acids.

• carbon

• oxygen

• hydrogen

• nitrogen

• carbon

• hydrogen

• oxygen

• carbon

• hydrogen

• oxygen

1. meats

2. dairy products

3. sea food

4. plant-based foods

5. soy

Workhouses of life.

4 kcal per 1g of proteins.

(compare w/ carbohydrates)

1. Structural integrity of bones, muscles, and skin

2. Conduct most chemical reactions in the body

>100,000 different proteins

1. DNA = a cookbook with different recipes.

2. Transcription = copying a recipe.

3. Translation = cooking by using the recipe.

• chemical reactions in the body

• transportation of materials (in and out of body)

• cushioning organs and cells

• lubricating joints

• body temperature regulation

nutrients supplied to the body in smaller amounts.

• 16 essential minerals

• 13 essental vitamins

Not main sources of energy.

But assist in chemical reactions.

• cofactors

• coenzymes (i.e., components of enzymes)

• electrolytes

• can be either inorganic (e.g., metal ions) or organic.

• non-protein compounds binding to enzymes.

• organic molecules.

• act as carriers → transfer chemical groups between enzymes.

• biocatalysts

• catalyze chemical reactions in the body

  e.g., producing energy, digesting nutrients, building macromolecules.

Minerals needed in large amounts by adults; >100mg/day.

Minerals needed in small amounts; from 0.2mg → 15mg/day.

• fluid balance

• nerve transmission

• muscle contraction

• fluid balance

• stomach acid production

• bone and teeth health maintenance

• nerve transmission

• muscle contraction

• blood clotting

• bone and teeth health maintenance

• acid-base balance

• protein production

• nerve transmission

• muscle contraction

• protein production

• carrying oxygen

• assisting in energy production

• Antioxidant

• protein and DNA production

• wound healing

• growth

• immune function

• Thyroid hormone production

• growth

• metabolism

• coenzyme

• iron metabolism

• coenzyme

• bone and teeth health maintenance

• tooth decay prevention

• assisting insulin in glucose metabolism

• coenzyme

• sodium

• chloride

• potassium

• sodium

• potassium

• calcium

• magnesium

• calcium

• phosphorus

calcium

• magnesium

• sulfur

iron

• zinc

• iodine

iodine

• copper

• manganese

• molybdenum

• iodine

• copper (iron metabolism)

• chromium (glucose metabolism)

selenium

fluoride

• water-soluble

• fat-soluble

• vitamin C

• all B vitamins

• thiamin (B1)

• riboflavin (B2)

• niacin (B3)

• pantothenic acid (B5)

• pyridoxine (B6)

• biotin (B7)

• folate (B9)

• cobalamin (B12)

vitamin B’s

• thiamin (B1)

• riboflavin (B2)

• niacin (B3)

• pantothenic acid (B5)

pyridoxine (B6)

biotin (B7)

folate (B9)

cobalamin (B12)