US History Honors Mid Term Study Guide

1870s - 1890s; time period looked good on the outside, despite the corrupt politics & growing gap between the rich & poor

term used to describe the corporations and monopolies since the industrial revolution of the late 1800s

refers to the industrialists or big business owners who gained huge profits by paying their employees extremely low wages; drove their competitors out of business by selling their products cheaper than it cost to produce it

system of consolidating many firms in the same business

practice where a single entity controls the entire process of a product, from the raw materials to distribution

escaping religious, racial and political persecution or seeking relief from a lack of economic opportunity or famine still pushed many immigrants out of their homelands

traveled in steerage, took over a week, dark, crowded spaces, weren't allowed on deck, diseases spread quickly

eye and disease exams, often quick entry, detained for 1-2 weeks

thorough exams, racism (asian immigrants), detained for 1-2 months

immigrants who had come to the US before the 1880s from britain, germany, ireland, and scandenavia, or northern europe

immigrants who had come to the US after the 1880s from southern and eastern europe

the social process of absorbing one cultural group into harmony with another, often the dominant cultural group

the policy of protecting the interests of native-born or established inhabitants against those of immigrants

process of acquiring or causing a person to acquire american traits and characteristics

the belief that only the fittest survive in human political and economic struggle

1882 law that denied any additional chinese laborers to enter the country while allowing students and merchants to immigrate

an informal agreement between the united states and japan whereby the us would not impose restriction on japanese immigration or students, and japan would not allow further immigration to the us

time at the turn of the 20th century in which groups sought to reform america economically, socially, and politically

roosevelt, taft, wilson

26th president, known for: conservationism, trust-busting, safe food regulations, panama canal, negotiation of peace in russo-japanese war

27th president of the U.S.; he angered progressives by moving cautiously toward reforms and by supporting the payne-aldrich tariff; he lost roosevelt's support and was defeated for a second term

28th president of the United States, known for world war I leadership, created federal reserve, federal trade commission, clayton antitrust act, progressive income tax, lower tariffs, women's suffrage (reluctantly), treaty of versailles, sought 14 points post-war plan, league of nations (but failed to win U.S. ratification)

journalists who wrote about corruption in business and politics in order to bring about reform

march 1911 fire in new york factory that trapped young women workers inside locked exit doors; nearly 50 ended up jumping to their death; while 100 died inside the factory; led to the establishment of many factory reforms, including increasing safety precautions for workers

1848 - seneca falls convention 1913 - woman suffrage parade 1916 - jeannette rankin became the first woman elected to congress 1920 - the 19th amendment was ratified

interracial organization founded in 1909 to abolish segregation and discrimination and to achieve political and civil rights for african americans

disfranchisement, poll taxes, grandfather clause, literacy tests

laws designed to enforce segregation of blacks from whites

a 1896 supreme court decision which legalized state ordered segregation so long as the facilities for blacks and whites were equal

social reformer who campaigned for womens rights, the temperance, and was an abolitionist, helped form the national woman suffrage association

a prominent advocate of women's rights, stanton organized the 1848 seneca falls convention with lucretia mott

president of NAWSA, who led the campaign for woman suffrage during wilson's administration

former slave who became an abolitionist and women's rights activist

co-founded the NAACP to help secure legal equality for minority citizens

african american journalist who published statistics about lynching, urged african americans to protest by refusing to ride streetcars or shop in white owned stores

social darwinism, manifest destiny, racism (superior- white mans burden), new markets, more resources

positive - expanded trade; heightened world dominance against - isolationist policies, immoral

global dominance, raw materials

roosevelt - expands us involvement overseas taft - advances us economic interest abroad wilson - champions democracy around the globe

ship that explodes off the coast of cuba in havana harbor and helps contribute to the start of the spanish-american war

volunteer soldiers led by theodore roosevelt during the spanish american war

1898 treaty that ended the spanish american war provided that cuba be free from spain

roosevelt's 1904 extension of the monroe doctrine, stating that the united states has the right to protect its economic interests in south and central america by using military force

maintaining access to allied markets takes precedence over everything else

strict and impartial neutrality

fought in the war on the side of the us; led to greater acceptance of immigrants in american society

promoted war bonds, etc, got people excited and involved in the war

favorability of neutrality began to decline after germany's sinking of the lusitania

british passenger ship holding americans that sunk off the coast of Ireland in 1915 by german u-boats killing 1,198 people

1917 - germany sent this to mexico instructing an ambassador to convince mexico to go to war with the us; it was intercepted and caused the us to mobilize against germany, which had proven it was hostile

prompted by labor unrest, personal liberties, and elected representatives, this political revolution occurred in 1917 when czar nicholas II was murdered and vladimir lenin sought control to implement his ideas of socialism

agency established during WWI to increase efficiency & discourage waste in war-related industries

the us saw a systematic mobilization of the country's entire population and economy to produce the soldiers, food supplies, ammunitions and money necessary to win the war

became nurses for soldiers at the front, took over men's jobs at home; this caused them to feel empowered because they proved that women could be equal to men

fought in segregated units; also worked in factories and unloaded ships

1917 law that set heavy fines and long prison terms for antiwar activities

made it a crime to write, print, utter, or publish criticism of the president or government

a 1919 decision upholding the conviction of a socialist who had urged young men to resist the draft during world war I; justice holmes declared that government can limit speech if the speech provokes a "clear and present danger" of substantive evils

this epic novel draws from letters, journals, and other historical reports and examines the napoleonic invasion of russia in 1812 through the eyes of five aristocratic russian families

november 11, 1918 at 11 am (11/11 at 11); ended fighting in ww1

woodrow wilson's post ww1 plan, most of which was rejected by european leaders following the war

peace treaty ending WW1 which stripped germany of its economic and military power, bitterness over the treaty eventually helped strengthen the nazi party

irreconcilables & reservationists

29th president of the US; republican; "return to normalcy" (life as it had been before ww1-peace, isolation); presidency was marred by scandal

a group of poker-playing men that were friends of harding; harding appointed them to offices and they used their power to gain money for themselves; they were involved in scandals that ruined harding's reputation even though he wasn't involved

term that some us employers in the 1920s used to describe their policy of refusing to negotiate with unions; demonstrated laissez-faire economics

became president when harding died of pneumonia; he was known for practicing a rigid economy in money and words; he was a true republican and industrialist; believed in the government supporting big business

• american public was exhausted

• america deeply divided due to debate over league of nations

• economy was in a difficult state of adjustment

• returning soldiers were unemployed and took jobs from women and minorities

the immigration act of 1924 limited the number of immigrants allowed entry into the us through a national origins quota

1. employers and organizations wanted to do away with unions

2. compared unionizing and socialism as examples of the sinister influence of foreigners on american life

3. during the 1920's, organized labor lost more than 2 million members

ku klux klan - against blacks, jews, catholics; used terror to control them

united states manufacturer of automobiles who pioneered mass production (1863-1947)

carefree young women with short, "bobbed" hair, heavy makeup, and short skirts; the flapper symbolized the new "liberated" woman of the 1920s

couples were having fewer kids since they did not need as many; they lived in small apartments in the city instead of on big farmland; a result of much urban growth

watching tv, listening to radio, sports such as baseball and football

prohibition of alcohol

repealed prohibition

the period from 1920 to 1933 when the sale of alcoholic beverages was prohibited in the us by a constitutional amendment

a period in the 1920s when african-american achievements in art and music and literature flourished

empress of the blues

leading african american jazz musician during the harlem renaissance; he was a talented trumpeter whose style influenced many later musicians

jazz pianist and composer

a leading poet of the harlem renaissance; he wrote "the negro speaks of rivers" and "my people"

regionalist painter that learned his art in harlem during the 1920s and used simple flat colorful shapes to tell stories of hopelessness

credit buying, overproduction, less consumer spending, falling stocks

plunge in stock market prices that marked the beginning of the great depression

paying part of the cost and borrowing the rest from brokers

unemployment, no money, homelessness, soup kitchens, closed banks and businesses

caused by people rushing to withdraw money from banks after the stock market crash

region of the great plains that experienced a drought in 1930 lasting for a decade, leaving many farmers without work or substantial wages

the farmers, who in the great depression, were forced to move, many moved to oklahoma

established the highest protective tariff in us history; raised taxes on imports and worsened the depression

ww1 veterans who marched on washington demanding their $1,000 bonus pay before the 1945 due date

authorized the government to pay a bonus to WWI veterans who had not been compensated adequately for their wartime service; was not approved

event when nearly 17,000 veterans marched on washington in 1932, to demand the military bonuses that they had been promised; this group was eventually driven from their camp city by the us army; increased the public perception that the hoover administration cared little about the poor

herbert hoover's belief that people must be self-reliant and not depend upon the federal government for assistance

hoover vs. fdr; two competing ideologies - laissez-faire vs. government intervention; fdr wins

a series of reforms enacted by the franklin roosevelt administration between 1933 and 1942 with the goal of ending the great depression

maybe the most ambitious start to any presidential term; in just these few months fdr greatly changed the government's role in the economy

closed all banks until governor examiners could investigate their financial condition; only sound/solvent banks were allowed to reopen