Middle Ages

3 steps to becoming a knight

Page 7 years old, Squire 14 years, then knight 21 years old

3 steps to becoming a master craftsman

Apprentice, Journeyman, Masterpiece creation and judgement

abbey

the building or buildings occupied by a community of monks

Angle or Saxon

One of the two Germanic tribes that invaded Britain after the fall of Rome

apprentice

a young boy learning a trade from a master

Avignon

A city in France that was home to the papal office at one time.

bailey

the courtyard inside the castle walls

Battle of Hastings

October 14,1066- the knights of William of Normandy off the coast of England and defeat King Harold and his foot soldiers

Battle of Tours

Battle where Charles Martel halted the Muslims advance from Spain into Western Europe

battlement

The wall built up around the catwalk to protect soldiers.

Benedictine Order

A system of rules created for a monastic order that holds morals and kindness very highly.

Black Death/Bubonic Plague

a pandemic that ravaged Europe between 1347 and 1351, taking a proportionately greater toll of life than any other known epidemic

Canon Law

church laws

Canterbury Tales

A band of pilgrims traveling to Thomas Beckett's tomb, adds to the picture of medieval life. Written by Geoffrey Chaucer.

Charlemagne

A Carolingian Emperor that created the Holy Roman Empire and a time of peace during the Dark Ages. Briefly unites western europe.

Charles Martel

Frankish military leader, father of Pepin, and grandfather of Charlemagne. Known for stopping the Muslim advancement into Western Europe at Battle of Tours

chivalry

qualities of a good knight, including bravery, politeness, respect for women, protection of the weak, and fairness to the enemy

Christendom

a European theory in which the state was subordinate to the church

Clovis

Frankish king who invaded Gaul

Council of Clermont

a meeting that took place in 1095 where pope urban II urged bishops and nobles to support the crusades against the muslims

Craft Guild

A group of master craftsmen from the same town who regulated the number of master craftsmen and the quality of the products

Crusades

a series of holy wars from 1099-1291

Dark Ages

A time period after the Roman empire split in half and the western half fell into a slowed down economy.

demesne

Lands that were for the manor house/lord

Divine Comedy

Book that ridiculed the church and was banned, people read it anyway. Written by Dante.

Domesday Book

A census of the population and livestock of Europe.

drawbridge

Movable bridge that was lowered over a castle's moat or hold

exchequer

A royal or national tax collector

excommunication

Taking away a person's membership in the catholic church

fealty

a vassal's acknowledgement of his duties to his lord

Feudalism

The arrangement between a lord, vassal, and serf for ownership of land, military services, and protection during Middle Ages.

fief

the grant of land itself; also referred to as a benefice

friar

holy man who traveled from place to place helping the poor and teaching about God, did not have property and were regular clergys

gatehouse

Able to control who comes in and leaves the castle grounds

glebe

Lands reserved for the church

Gothic style

A style of architecture characterized by buttresses and the usage of light shining in on the church.

Great Hall

provided a place for dining and sleeping quarters.

Great Schism

A great divide in 1378 Europe caused by Pope Clement's move of the papal office to France instead of Rome. (The Pope was pretty much the French king's puppet, so he did what was asked of him so France could gain more power.) Many of the clergy, kings, and other kingdoms resented this decision as the church is supposed to be neutral and decided to elect a new Pope. The people did not know who to follow so, eventually, Pope Clement returned to Rome; however the damage was already done and people now began to doubt the legitimacy/purity of the church.

Holy Land

The land surrounding Jerusalem that was sacred to Christians, Muslims, and the Jewish.

homage

A vassal's oath of loyalty and obedience to his lord.

Hugh Capet

The king of the Franks from 939 to 996 AD.

Hundred Years War

A war between England and France over French territory, England lost the war and lost land.

indulgences

Buying forgiveness for your sins

interdict

When a religion is prevented or forbidden from performing sacraments and churches are closed

Jan Hus

A reformer who said the church was corrupt, he was burned. Followers were killed but their ideas lived on.

Joan of Arc

a teenage girl who lead French troops in the Hundred Years War, was captured by the English and burnt at the stake. The French people saw her as a martyr.

John of England

Angered 3 groups of people- 1: king Philip II of France 2: Pope Innocent III 3: his own nobles. Forced to sign Magna Carta.

John Wycliffe

Reformer who challenged the power of the church, he was burned for saying this.

journeyman

A craftsmen that had already finished apprenticeship, worked in the masters shop for a daily wage

King Phillip II of France

He was the King who created the French Parliament to make the Monarchy stronger and the Estates General group to gain support of the people during his fight with Pope Boniface.

knight

a warrior of the noble land-owning class, officially recognized as much by his lord or king

lay investiture

The selection of church officials by secular powers, became common practice tactically condoned by the church.

liege lord

The lord to whom a vassal owns his primary obligation

longbow

A large bow that was the size of a man that was used in the middle ages; it was more powerful than the normal bow and could pierce through enemy armor and shoot far which made it a effective weapon

lord

Noble who grants land to a supporter.

Louis IX of France

Expanded royal courts, outlawed private wars, and ended serfdom.

Magna Carta

It was a document that stated monarch's power was limited and it was signed by King John in 1215

Magyars

Nomadic horseman from Central Asia. Are the ancestors of modern Hungarians.

manor

A large piece of land owned by a lord, also called an estate.

manorialism

a reciprocal system where peasants lived and worked on the land of a noble

master craftsman

A craftsman that was of the top tier, had been through his apprenticeship and became a journeyman, and graduated to master after being judged by other masters.

masterpiece

Work of art that a journeyman had to present in order to become a master craftsman.

Merchant Guild

A group of merchants from the same town who were able to buy larger quantities at lower prices.

Muslims

People who follow/practice Islam

noble

A rich and powerful person who owned and ruled land

page

Noble boy, 7, fostered to another nobleman, lessons -> reading, writing, math, behavior, physical training-> riding horses, wrestling, weapons

parliament

A type of government in England which was the gathering of prominent men to discuss and make laws. It consisted of the House of Nobles and House of Commons.

peasant

Poor people who worked on manors; were different from serfs because they were free

Philip II of Spain

Expanded Spanish empire in the wester hemisphere; reputed Catholicism and pushed against and Protestants- launches Spanish Armada against England

Philip IV of France

Created the estates general.

Poem of El Cid

An epic Poem based on Spain.

Pope Clement

The Pope who moved the papal court from Rome to Avignon, France.

Pope Innocent III

Argued with king John about who would be archbishop of England- excommunicated king john

Pope Leo III

A pope of Europe during 800 AD that set the basis of Church-State relations for Medieval Europe.

Pope Urban II

Brought together Europe to take over the holy lands from the Muslim Turks.

primogeniture

Land and feudal ties passed down the the oldest son.

priory

A type of monastery.

regular clergy

Clergies that lived apart from society in religious seclusion from all but the Church as members of one of a number of religious orders

religious relic

Ancient item believed to have belonged to or used by person of Biblical importance

Romanesque Churches

A term to describe churches that have roman influence on them. These churches can be described as bland on the outside, as most of its decoration was focused on the inside of the church.

sacraments

Ceremony performed by a priest to prevent eternal damnation

Saladin

Muslim leader during the 3rd crusades.

secular clergy

Ministered to the spiritual needs of Europe, and ran its churches, cathedrals, and other institutions (served as bishop and priests)

Seljuk Turks

Turkish people that took over Byzantine and into Palestine, and also attacked Christians.

serf

Poor people who worked for lords; worked long hours, were poorly fed/dressed, and were not allowed to leave the manor.

simony

Practice of selling church positions

Song of Roland

An epic poem based on the French.

Spanish Armada

a great fleet sent by King Philip II in 1588 to invade England with a Spanish army from Flanders-- ironically, it was defeated

Spanish Inquisition

(1478-1834) a judicial institution established to combat heresy and convert others to Christianity, though it did so through brutal methods-- they forced others to be baptized or die

squire

Around 14, physical training to be a knight. Increased weapon training with lances, swords, and axes, went to battle with their knight to prove worth as soldiers.

Summa Theologica

Says faith and reason exist in harmony, brought Christian faith and Greek philosophy together

Thomas Aquinas

An author who wrote Summa Theologica.

Thomas Beckett

Archbishop of Canterbury got murdered by knights of Henry II

three-field system

Rotate crops, one field was fallow and two were planted.

tithes

donations to the church

Treaty of Verdun

Signed after the death of Louis the Pious (Charlemagne's son) which caused the empire to divide between Charlemagne's 3 grandsons

vassal

Noble receiving land grant.

vernacular

Everyday language

Vikings

Scandinavian raiders and pirates from Denmark, Sweden, and Norway that invaded Europe

William the Conqueror

Went to war with his brother-in-law over the throne, implemented taxation, and wrote the Domesday Book.