Studied by 23 peopleConcentration definition
a quantity that indicates the amount of solute in a certain amount of solution or solvent
Molarity definition
a type of concentration whose units are mol/L
What is the purpose of dilutions?
Scientists need solutions of different concentrations
General description of how dilutions are carried out
you take a certain amount of the stock solution and dilute it with the appropriate amount of water
what is the formula for dilutions?
C1V1=C2V2
In the dilution formula what does each of the following stand for?
C1= V1= C2= V2=
concentration of the stock solution volume of the stock solution concentration of the dilution solution volume of the dilution solution
Limiting reactant definition
the reactant that runs out or gets used up first in a reaction
The limiting reactant is important to consider because
when the limiting reactant runs out, the reaction stops
The reactant that produces the least amount of product is the
limiting reactant
Theoretical yield definition
the amount of product that can be removed under perfect conditions where no product is lost due to human error, instrument error, or other causes
theoretical yield is calculated using the
limiting reactant
actual yield definition
the amount of product that is actually obtained after an imperfect experiment
Reason 1 why the actual yield is less than the theoretical yield
there is usually more than one product in a reaction, and some product is inevitably lost during the process of separating the products from each other
Draw the diagram for reason 1 of why A yield is less than T yield
Reason 2 why the A yield is less than the T yield
Sometimes the reactants get used up in side reactions
Draw the diagram for reason 2 of why A yield is less than T yield
Reason 3 why the A yield is less than the T yield
sometimes a reverse reaction occurs and the products react to re-form the reactants
Draw the diagram for reason 3 of why A yield is less than T yield
Reason 1 why the A yield is sometimes larger than the T yield
the product is still sometimes wet with solvent when it is weighed
Draw the diagram for reason 3 of why A yield is larger than T yield
Reason 2 why the A yield is sometimes larger than the T yield
the product is sometimes contaminated with excess reactant
Draw the diagram for reason 3 of why A yield is larger than T yield
What 2 things does percent yield measure?
how successful the desired reaction was and how successful the purification of product was
Nonelectrolyte definition and example
a substance that does not ionize in water and produces a solution that does not conduct electricity methanol CH3OH
Strong electrolyte definition and example
a substance that ionizes completely in water and produces a solution that is a good conductor of electricity magnesium acetate Mg(C2H3O2)2
formula for % yield
actual yield/ theoretical yield * 100
weak electrolyte definition
a substance that only partially ionizes in water and produces a solution that only slightly conducts electricity
soluble definition
substance that dissolves in water
insoluble definition
substance that does not dissolve in water
precipitate definition
insoluble ionic solid in a solution
classify each as soluble or insoluble
magnesium sulfate silver phosphate silver chloride barium sulfide
soluble insoluble insoluble soluble
Draw the figure 3.11 from the textbook and type the correct balanced formula when aqueous solutions of silver nitrate and potassium chloride produces white, insoluble silver chloride
AgNO3 (aq) + KCl (aq) -> AgCl (s) + KNO3 (aq)
Total ionic equation definiton
shows the strong electrolytes separated into their constituent ions
Net ionic equation definition
the total ionic equation with spectator ions eliminated and simplify if necessary
Acid definition
a substance that donates protons (H+ ions) in solution forming hydronium ions (H3O+)
What are the 2 examples of strong acids?
HCl and H2SO4
Write the formula of aqueous HCl combining with water
HCl (aq) + H2O (l) -> H3O^+(aq) + Cl^- (aq)
Write the formula of aqueous H2SO4 combining with water
H2SO4 (aq) + 2H2O (l) -> 2H3O^+ (aq) + SO4^2- (aq)
What are the 3 properties of an acid?
sour taste, react with a variety of metals, have a pH lower than 7
Strong acids ___________ (partially/ completely) ionize in water while weak acids ____________ (partially/completely) ionize in water
completely partially
base definition
a substance that produces OH- ions in solution or accepts protons (H+)
Two examples of bases are
NaOH and Ba(OH)2
Write the breakdown of the strong solid base NaOH
NaOH (s) -> Na^+ (aq) + OH^- (aq)
what are the 3 properties of bases?
bitter taste, slippery feel, pH higher than 7
strong bases ____________ (partially/completely) ionize in water while weak bases _____________ (partially/completely) ionize in water
completely partially
write out the formula that explains how ammonia (NH4) is a weak base
NH4 (aq) + H2O (l) -> NH4^+ (aq) + OH^- (aq)
neutralization definition
a strong acid and a strong base react to form water and a salt
an example of a neutralization reaction is
HCl + NaOH -> NaCl + HOH
salt definition
a combination of positive and negative ions
example of a salt is
KBr
oxidation definition
a process that involves the loss of electrons
reduction definition
a process that involves the gain of electrons
redox-reaction definition
a reaction in which a reduction and an oxidation occur
what are oxidation states used for?
to determine whether a redox reaction has occurred
what is the purpose of half-reactions?
to show the loss or gain of electrons, respectively, in a chemical reaction
Properties of an oxidizing agent
contains an element whose oxidation state decreases in a redox reaction, gains electrons, gets reduced
Properties of reducing agent
contains an element whose oxidation state increases in a redox reaction, loses electrons, gets oxidized
Note
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