REPRODUCTION

Diploid is a term that refers to the presence of two complete sets of chromosomes in an organism's cells

• The X and Y chromosomes are the two sex chromosomes that determine the biological sex of an individual.

• Females have two X chromosomes, while males have one X and one Y chromosome.

• Testosterone is primarily secreted by the Leydig cells in the testes of males.

• In females, small amounts of testosterone are secreted by the ovaries and adrenal glands.

• PRODUCE IN 7TH WEEK OF DEVELOPING EMBRYO

• Sperm moves through a process called flagellation, where the tail of the sperm, also known as the flagellum, propels the sperm forward in a whip-like motion.

• This movement is powered by the energy produced by the mitochondria located in the midpiece of the sperm.

From puberty onwards-

• interstitial cells (Leydig cells) produce androgens (male sex hormones- the most important being testosterone)

• The prostate gland is a part of the male reproductive system that produces and secretes a fluid that makes up a part of semen.

• The fluid helps to nourish and protect sperm as they travel through the female reproductive system.

The thickest layer of the uterus is the myometrium, which is composed of smooth muscle tissue.

The uterus is made up of 3 layers: the endometrium (inner layer), the myometrium (the thickest layer composed almost entirely of muscle), and the serosa (the thin outer lining of the uterus).

The space between the labia is known as the vulva vestibule.

AMPULLA

The ampulla is the widest part of the tube with a maximal luminal diameter of 1 cm, and a length of 5 cm. It curves over the ovary, and is the primary site of fertilization

A gene mutation

• gene mutation developed on its own, without either parent carrying a copy of the mutated gene.

• Most cases of polycystic kidney disease have an autosomal dominant pattern of inheritance.

• People with this condition are born with one mutated copy of the PKD1 or PKD2 gene in each cell.

• Believed that it programmes the hypothalamus at this point when to trigger puberty (sexual maturation)

• Although levels remain low until puberty they are still higher than a female child

• regulate sex drive (libido), bone mass, fat distribution, muscle mass and strength, and the production of red blood cells and sperm.

• A small amount of circulating testosterone is converted to estradiol, a form of estrogen.WHAT IS A ME

Graafian follicle.

2.5 cm in diameter at the time of ovulation, and it protrudes from the surface of the ovary.

Rounded enclosures for the developing ova in the cortex near the surface of the ovary.

Provides for the maturation and release of a fertilizable oocyte

luteinizing hormone (LH).

aids in egg maturation and provides the hormonal trigger to cause ovulation and the release of eggs from the ovary.

• The ovarian cycle is the process by which the ovaries prepare and release an egg for fertilization.

• It is regulated by hormones, including follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH)

• Consists of three phases: the follicular phase, ovulation, and the luteal phase.

• Involves recruiting and prepping oocyte follicles for ovulation.

• This phase begins on the first day of menstruation and ends with the ovulation of an egg.

• Levels of the luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) increase, causing follicles to develop on the ovary.

• The follicles produce estrogen and progesterone, which cause LH and FSH levels to rise and fall rapidly, leading to ovulation. T

• his phase lasts approximately 14 days.

• an increase in LH causes a mature follicle to rupture and release an egg.

• It occurs once every 28 days, generally on day 14 of the ovarian cycle.

• Ovulation does not occur while a female is pregnant due to increased levels of progesterone that maintain the uterine wall and prevent the release of additional eggs.

(aka the postovulatory phase)

• occurs after ovulation on day 15 until day 28 of the cycle.

• During this phase, the follicle that ruptured during ovulation undergoes changes and produces a group of cells called a corpus luteum.

• The cyst-like corpus luteum produces estrogen and progesterone

• If pregnancy does not occur, the corpus luteum breaks down, and LH and FSH production begins to start the next menstrual cycle.

• This cycle lasts approximately 14 days.

The first breast milk produced by a mother after giving birth is called colostrum. It is rich in nutrients and antibodies that help protect the newborn from infections.

External

• Collectively termed vulva (consists of mons pubis, labia majora, labia minora, clitoris)

Internal

• Vagina

• Uterus and cervix

• Fallopian tubes

• Ovaries

External

• Penis

• Scrotum containing testes

• Epididymis

Internal

• Vas deferens

• Prostate gland

• Seminal vesicle

Sperm is produced in the testes, specifically in the seminiferous tubules.

• Located in the scrotum- each enclosed in a double layered membrane and individual cavities

• Formed within the abdominal cavity adjected to the kidneys during foetal development

Testes are male reproductive organs that produce sperm and testosterone hormone

Amniotic sac. \n \n The sac is filled with liquid made by the fetus (amniotic fluid) and the membrane that covers the fetal side of the placenta (amnion). This protects the fetus from injury.

Generated from maternal plasma, and passes through the fetal membranes by osmotic and hydrostatic forces.

When fetal kidneys begin to function around week 16, fetal urine also contributes to the fluid.

Endometrium

• Menopause is a point in time when you’ve gone 12 consecutive months without a menstrual cycle.

• ovaries have stopped releasing eggs and stopped producing most of their estrogen

• USE ENERGY DIFFERENTLY

• Perimenopause or “menopause transition”:

• Menopause:

• Postmenopause:

• 10 years before

• create less oestrogen

• In the last one to two years of perimenopause, the drop in estrogen accelerates.

• At this stage, many people may experience menopause symptoms

• Time after you haven’t had a period for an entire year (or the rest of your life after menopause)

• GET SYMPTOMS- E.G HOT FLUSHES

• People continue to experience menopausal symptoms for a decade or longer after the menopause transition

• Lower estrogen level, people in the postmenopausal phase are at an increased risk for several health conditions

X RAY OF THE BREAST

Your breasts are compressed between two firm surfaces to spread out the breast tissue

Then an X-ray captures black-and-white images that are displayed on a computer screen and examined for signs of cancer.

• Surgery to remove cancer or other abnormal tissue from the breast and some normal tissue around it, but not the breast itself.

• Some lymph nodes under the arm may be removed for biopsy.

• Part of the chest wall lining may also be removed if the cancer is near it.

Breast cancer surgery that removes the entire breast.

dysmenorrhoea

• Reduced body and facial hair

• Loss of muscle mass

• Low libido, impotence, small testicles, reduced sperm count and infertility

• Increased breast size

• Hot flashes

• Irritability, poor concentration and depression

• Loss of body hair

• Brittle bones and an increased risk of fracture