chemical-cell-tissue-organ-organ system-organism

smallest portion element

proton, neutrons

valence shell, stable at 8 e-

2+ atoms joined by chem. properties

Large molecules made up of subunits

of atoms

of molecules

A pure substance made up of only one type of atom, oxygen (65%)

net + charge = Loss e-

net - charge = Gain e

Transfer of electrons= Gives e = oxidized Receives e = reduced OIL = oxidation is loss RIG = reduction is gain

Molecules with unpaired electrons = unstable Initiates cascade of disturbances = steals e from molecules if not stopped = oxidative stress (aging, heart disease, cancer, etc)

Protective effect = can interrupt the free radical cascade Stop free radicals damage

cation and anion attract (stolen e-) NaCl

share e- H2O

polar = unequal sharing --> hydrophilic non-polar = equal sharing --> hydrophobic

weak bonds

make, releases H2O

break, added H20

0-7

7

7-14

resist pH change blood, kidneys, lungs

mild headache, loss appetite starvation, diabetes

excess vomiting overuse laxatives hyperventilating

No glucose in cells → fat breakdown for energy → ketone production → cause acidic blood

balance, controlled nervous and endocrine sys.

chemical messenger, stimulate response

Provides protective boundary between intra and extracellular environments

Contains digestive enzymes that break down protein, lipids, nucleic acids Removes and recycles waste

Contains DNA which provides coded instructions for protein syn.

Gel-like substance inside cell that contains organelles proteins, electrolytes, and other molecules

Involves lipid synthesis No ribosomes = no protein synthesis

Ribosomes = builds process proteins

Membrane sacs that process and package proteins

Produces most energy (atp) of cell

simple diffusion = high to low conc. faccilitated diffusion = transport protein high to low osmosis = water flow, low solute conc - high solute conc.

carrier mediated active transport = transport protein low to high conc. exocytosis = vesicle out of cell endocytosis = vesicle into cell

epithelial, connective, neural, muscle

Covers and lines body, organs, cavities

Provides structure to body b binding and anchoring body parts

Role in communicating by receiving and responding to stimuli

Contracts and shortens when stimulates

Group of tissues that combine to carry out coordinated functions

GI organs and accessory organs

ingestion, digestion, absorption, excretion

mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine

Chews,mixes food with saliva and beguin mechanical digestion

carries food from mouth to stomach

Adds acids, enzymes, and gastric juice while grinding it into a semi liquid

Breaks down nutrients using enzymes produced by sm intestine and pancreas, nutrients absorbed into blood and lymph

Absorbs water and some minerals and vitamins

serosa, muscularis, submucosa (contains circulatory and lymph vessels), mucosa, lumen

salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, pancreas

esophageal sphincter

allows no back flow

24-72 hours

food

bolus

chyme

waste

mastication, peristalsis, segmentation

enzymes

promises/ peptidases

amylases

lipases

bind, break, participate, catalysts, create

early signaling prepares GI tract for digestion

mechanical - mouth chemical - saliva (some digestion carbs)

improper sphincter closure

stomach

chyme

pyloric sphincter

Kills harmful pathogens consumed Helps to activate digestive enzymes Helps to digest dietary protein

2-3

bacteria (H. pyloric infection), decreases mucus which allows stomach acid to eat away at stomach

peristalsis, segmentation

small intestine

Secretes Bicarbonate which neutralizes pH of stomach acid Also release enzymes for lipid, protein,and carbohydrate breakdown

produces bile (crucial for digestion/absorption lipids)

stores bile, releases to small intestine

increase surface area

autoimmune disease, villi damaged = poor nutrient absorption

carbohydrates, amino acids, minerals, water-soluble vitamins

most fats, some vitamins

Absorb Folate, biotin, and short chain fatty acids Water absorption mostly absorbed here

prebiotics feed probiotics

chronic autoimmune disease, inflammation which permanently harms intestine ex. Ulcerative colitis, Crohn's disease

functional disorder, not lead to serious disease, not cause inflammation, effects 20% US adults

water

carbohydrates

starches, dairy, fruit, candy etc

monosaccharides, disaccharides

glucose (fruits and veg. ), fructose (fruits and veg.), galactose (milk)

condensation rxn forms glycosidic bond, lactose (glucose + galactose), sucrose (glucose + fructose), maltose (glucose + glucose)

oligosaccharides (3-10 saccharides), polysaccharides (starch and glycogen)

major storage carb in plants,

amylose = straight chain polymer amylopectin = branches(digested quicker)

storage form carbs in animals (liver and muscle)