AP HUG Unit 6 Urbanization Topics

Redlining

Redlining - Neighborhoods are coded by color; red neighborhoods get fewer federal loans

lower grade neighborhoods are typically nonwhite
lack of access to loans keeps them from moving to a better house
enforces residensegregationation

Ghettoization - degradation of inner cities in America

Blockbusting - convincing white homeowners to move out of fear that nonwhites will move into the neighborhood and lower property value

creates residential segregation

Racial Steering - Limiting which houses a person is shown

creates residential segregation

Gentrification - Renovation of areas

can switch areas from lower to the middle class but
may push out black or lower-income families

Impacts of Redlining on people of Color

They get higher interest rates, are denied opportunities, and less secured loans which prevent them from building wealth through home ownership

Lower-grade areas have poor environmental conditions. This means people of color may have worse health, more exposure to pollution, live in above-average temperatures, and have fewer parks

The effects of redlining amplify inequality

Places with higher property taxes also have better schools

this means schools are segregated
nonwhites have less access to better education

people in redlining neighbors can’t afford to move

this hinders generational wealth built through home ownership
reinforces the idea that people who already have money get richer

Gentrification has positive and negative effects

Property values increase

buildings are destroyed

placelessness

People are displaced

can’t afford to live in gentrification places
Solutions:
- tax forgiveness
- affordable/public housing - occupant pays 30% or less of income on rent even as property values increase
- homestead programs
- leniency for long-term residents
- anti-steering policies

Central Place Theory

Central Places - urban centers that provide services to the hinterland

Hinterland - surrounding rural places

Threshold - minimum amount of people to support an economic activity

Apple stores have a high threshold while Starbucks has a low one

Range - The maximum distance people will travel for a good or service

Auto mechanics have a high range while grocery stores have a low one

The Model

Cities of the same size will be equally apart from each other

this is to prevent overlap in consumer bases

Hexagons represent the market area

it represents the borders for consumers to travel in
the center of the hexagon to the edges represents the range

5 assumptions:
- Flat land, no physical barriers.
- Uniform soil fertility.
- Even distribution of population and purchasing power.
- Uniform transportation network.
- Goods and services can be sold in all directions.

The location of services is determined by

distance
population
trade area - adjacent regions where a city’s influence is dominant
disposable income
culture/activities specific to an area

more specialized services (Gucci stores, luxury car dealerships, airports, oncologists/specialized hospitals) are found in larger cities

they are needed less often so they require more people to sustain the activity

the activity can’t be supported in smaller towns

have a higher range, threshold, and area

More general services (gas stations, Starbucks, Walmart, fast food restaurants, grocery stores) will appear in small towns and possibly multiple times in larger cities

People don’t want to travel far for something needed often

have a lower range, threshold, and area

Urban Trends

LDCs

Rapid urbanization

creation of primate cities
strains resources
cause by young adults migrating for work

Squatter settlements

typically on the edge of rings

Makeshift and self-construction

unsafe housing from anything found on land

Shock Cities

infrastructural challenges from rapid urbanization

Jakarta

The rapid urbanization in Jakarta disrupts the water system in place from Jakarta’s roots

is sinking
- people use wells and aquifers to pump water
- because concrete covers land, water cannot be reabsorbed into aquifers
- this causes the land to sink
  - concrete covers land
homes are lost and people have to flee
forward thrust capital

MDCS

Urban Sprawl - diffusion of urban land use and lifestyle

leads to placelessness
less sustainable (more emissions and larger lots)
minimum lot sizes increase prices

Edge Cities

by highways rather than the central city
has own tax base (pull factor)
limited taxes for the central city (push factor)

Suburbs - outlying, functionally uniform regions, often adjacent to the central city

Suburbanization - process as land is urbanized as people and businesses migrate from urban to rural regions

Counter urbanization - increase in rural population due to an increase in desire for a nonurban lifestyle

Exurbs - rings of wealthier rural communities outside of suburbs

historically from cars and commute rails
possible today from telecommunications and remote work

Both

Uneven development - urban development is not spread equally

Islands of Development - pockets of high development in a city

Cumulative Causation - Money going back into already developed regions

Recent Urban Areas

Green belts and new urbanism try to prevent urban sprawl

New Urbanism

healthy living, sustainable growth, and urban development together
seaside Florida and pearl district Oregon
mixed-use, walkability, preserve arable land, lowers carbon emissions
property value raises taxes, residential segregation, and destruction of buildings leads to placelessness

Green Belts

Green belts contain new development in the urban core
leaves arable land untouched

Green cities

using sustainable energy
- fossil fuels → wind and solar energy
increased costs and fear that funds will only go to an already wealthy area

Data improves the lives of people in cities

Qualitative data is subjective and typically from open end polls and surveys
Quantitative data is objective and uses numbers from the census and surveys

Previously Released FRQS

Food Deserts

2019 Set 1 Question 1 Page 2

https://apcentral.collegeboard.org/pdf/ap19-frq-human-geography-set-1.pdf

Rubric Pages 2-3

https://apcentral.collegeboard.org/media/pdf/ap19-sg-human-geography-set-1_1.pdf

Galactic City Model

2019 Set 2 Question 2 Page 3

https://apcentral.collegeboard.org/media/pdf/ap19-frq-human-geography-set-2.pdf

Rubric Pages 4-5

https://apcentral.collegeboard.org/media/pdf/ap19-sg-human-geography-set-2_1.pdf

Gentrification

2018 - Question 2 Page 3

https://secure-media.collegeboard.org/ap/pdf/ap18-frq-human-geography.pdf

Rubric Page 5

https://secure-media.collegeboard.org/ap/pdf/ap18-sg-human-geography.pdf

Mixed Use Development and New Urbanism

2017 - Question 1 Page 2

https://apcentral.collegeboard.org/media/pdf/ap-human-geography-frq-2017.pdf