28.1 Food Microbiology

The Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Point (HACCP) system is designed to prevent contamination by identifying points at which foods are most likely to be contaminated with harmful microbes.
Industrially canned goods undergo commercial sterilization by steam under pressure in a large retort, which operates on the same principle as an autoclave.
Thermophilic anaerobic spoilage is therefore a fairly common cause of spoilage in low-acid canned foods.
- When thermophilic spoilage occurs but the can is not swollen by gas production, the spoilage is termed flat sour spoilage.
The use of aseptic packaging to preserve food has been increasing.
This product, called malt, contains starch-degrading enzymes (amylases) that convert cereal starches into carbohydrates that can be fermented by yeasts.
- These bacteria convert the malic acid to the weaker lactic acid in a process called malolactic fermentation.

28.2 Industrial Microbiology and Biotechnology

The word biotechnology was first used in 1918 to describe the use of living organisms to produce products—in reference to combining agriculture and technology.
A primary metabolite is formed essentially at the same time as the new cells, and the production curve follows the cell population curve almost in parallel, with only minimal lag.
- Secondary metabolites are not produced until the microbe has largely completed its logarithmic growth phase, known as the trophophase, and has entered the stationary phase of the growth cycle.
Prominent among these is biomass, the collective organic matter produced by living organisms, including crops, trees, and municipal wastes.
Microbes can be used for bioconversion, the process of converting biomass into alternative energy sources.
Biofuels are energy sources produced from living organisms, rather than from fossils of organisms that lived over 300 million years ago.
The initial interest has focused on ethanol, which is already widely used as a supplement to gasoline, and the technology is well established.
In microbial fuel cells, exoelectrogens are grown in a nutrient medium such as soil or wastewater.

The Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Point (HACCP) system is designed to prevent contamination by identifying points at which foods are most likely to be contaminated with harmful microbes.
Industrially canned goods undergo commercial sterilization by steam under pressure in a large retort, which operates on the same principle as an autoclave.
Thermophilic anaerobic spoilage is therefore a fairly common cause of spoilage in low-acid canned foods.
- When thermophilic spoilage occurs but the can is not swollen by gas production, the spoilage is termed flat sour spoilage.
The use of aseptic packaging to preserve food has been increasing.
This product, called malt, contains starch-degrading enzymes (amylases) that convert cereal starches into carbohydrates that can be fermented by yeasts.
- These bacteria convert the malic acid to the weaker lactic acid in a process called malolactic fermentation.

The word biotechnology was first used in 1918 to describe the use of living organisms to produce products—in reference to combining agriculture and technology.
A primary metabolite is formed essentially at the same time as the new cells, and the production curve follows the cell population curve almost in parallel, with only minimal lag.
- Secondary metabolites are not produced until the microbe has largely completed its logarithmic growth phase, known as the trophophase, and has entered the stationary phase of the growth cycle.
Prominent among these is biomass, the collective organic matter produced by living organisms, including crops, trees, and municipal wastes.
Microbes can be used for bioconversion, the process of converting biomass into alternative energy sources.
Biofuels are energy sources produced from living organisms, rather than from fossils of organisms that lived over 300 million years ago.
The initial interest has focused on ethanol, which is already widely used as a supplement to gasoline, and the technology is well established.
In microbial fuel cells, exoelectrogens are grown in a nutrient medium such as soil or wastewater.