19th century: age of enlightenment and during this period, the political and economic changes in Europe were starting to affect Spain.

• Spain during the 19th century is politically unstable which affected the Philippines.

  • due to the instability, every time there are constant changes in the Madrid government, there are also periodic shifts in colonial policies and periodic rigodon of colonial officers in the Philippines.

• French revolution (1779-1789) and the American Civil War (1755-1783) influenced the thinking and development of the 19th century. people start to revolt against their country. Liberalism deeply affected Rizal’s thinking.

  • Conservatives: believes that monarchs and kings should be the ones who rule over their subjects.

  • Liberal: believe that a country should be free from domination by another and people should enjoy having liberty, equality, and opportunity.

The 3 Catholic Priests

the execution of GOMBURZA awakened strong feelings of anger and resentment among the Filipinos. lead to the creation of the propaganda movement.

• El filibusterismo: a novel of Rizal dedicated to the three priests.

• Propaganda movement: made by Filipino scholars who have settled in Europe and was led by Rizal.

ECONOMIC CHANGES:

• Transition from Encomienda to Hacienda Labor System

• Manila Acapulco Galleon Trade: the main source of income for the colony during the early times. demand for philippine sugar and abaca grew.

Indulto de Comercio: allow provincial governors to engage in and monopolize trade domestically.

• good from the natives are sold to them at a cheap rate and they sold them back to the natives for a higher price.

• Forced Labor: men ranging from 16 to 60 yrs old were obligated to work on project for 40 days. Labor was reduced to 15 days in pattern to the Mexican repartimento.

Taxation

• Taxation was imposed to support the colony during the 19th century.

• tithe: 10% of annual payment

• sanctorum: tax being paid to support the church.

• tribute (buwis) : tax or rent given to the landlord; may be cash or any kind; fixed at 9 reals and increased to 15 reals at a later time.

Education

• The Education Decree of 1863: provided for the establishment of at least two free primary schools, one for boys and another for girls, in each town under the responsibility of the municipal government.

• In the context of education, it was emphasized in religion that Filipinos were fit for manual labour only and are obligated to friars. students have no freedom of speech.

• Filipinos are limited to just learning how to read, write and do arithmetic, as the Spaniards are hesitated to let the natives be educated as them.

The Needs for Reform

• Instability of colonial administration

• Corrupt Official/ friars: accepting bribes from the casinos in manila, religious orders were the richest landlords, legal owners of the said land.

• human rights denied to filipinos except the freedom of religion.

• Maladministration of Justice

• Racial discrimination

• Frailocracy: government owned by the friars

• Forced labor

Conditions of Europe, America and Asia

• French revolution was triggered due to the fall of king Louis XVI’s monarchy. Beginning the French Republic.

• 1848: Europe vs France

• 1861: Italy were united in one country.

• 1861-1865: American Civil War

The Changing Religious Front in the Philippines: Secularization

• Regular priests: priests who served the Catholic Church; main task was to spread christianity.

• Secular Priests: did not belong to any religious order; parish administration.

The expulsion of the Jesuits in 1767

• Pedro Pablo Pelaez, Jacinto Zamora, Mariano Gomez, Jose Burgos: champied the cause of equal rights with spaniards and the reduction of the influence of the Church in politics.

• King of spain and the pope gave orders for the secularization of the country’s parishes, however, the friars contended that the filipino seculars are not ready to take over.

• Francisco Zaldua: witness, pointed out that the GOMBURZA were out to lead a government that would overthrow the spaniards.

• Feb 17, 1872: GOMBURZA were garroted at bagumbayan