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Honors Biology: The Eukaryotic Cell Cycle Biointeractive Activity Notes

Honors Biology: The Eukaryotic Cell Cycle Biointeractive Activity Notes

INTRODUCTION

This handout complements the Click & Learn The Eukaryotic Cell Cycle and Cancer and is intended as a straightforward introduction to the cell cycle and how it relates to cancer. For a more comprehensive student handout, please see the in-depth version.                 

PROCEDURE

Follow the instructions as you proceed through the Click & Learn and answer the questions in the spaces below.

Click on the “Background” tab on the right side. Read the information and watch the videos.

  1. Why is cell division important for both single-celled and multicellular organisms?

Cell division is important for both single-celled and multicellular organisms because it is the only way single-celled organisms can reproduce, and multicellular organisms need cell division to grow and replace dead or damaged cells.


  1. Why does cell division remain important to an adult organism even after it is fully developed?

Cell division remains important to an adult organism even after it is fully developed because cells need to be continuously renewed (skin and gut cells).


  1. Cells divide, differentiate, or die. What is differentiation?

Differentiation is the process in which cells stop dividing to specialize in their structure and function. Once differentiated, some cells can divide again under certain conditions.


  1. What is apoptosis? What is its purpose?

Apoptosis is programmed cell death. Its purpose is to eliminate unnecessary cells to development, and also removes unhealthy or damaged cells in a mature organism.


  1. What are cell cycle regulators?

Cell cycle regulators are molecular signals that may stimulate or stop cell division, tell cells to differentiate, or initiate cell death.


  1. What happens if cell cycle regulators don’t function properly?

If cell cycle regulators don’t function properly, then an organism may end up with too few or too many cells, causing other problems, including life-threatening tumors, or maybe harmless hair loss.


Click on the purple section labeled “Cell Cycle Phases” as well as the words “Mitosis” and “Interphase” to read an overview of the cell cycle. You can also click on the various phases.

  1. Cells go through periods of growth and division. Cell division occurs during the M (Mitosis) phase..

The rest of the cell cycle is called interphase, during which (use the blank below to complete the sentence) 

The rest of the cell cycle is called interphase, during which a cell grows and replicates its DNA. Interphase occurs between mitotic phases, or two cell divisions.


    

  1. Fill in the details about what happens during the three phases of interphase labeled in the diagram.

G1: The newly divided cell enters this phase right after cell division/mitosis. During this stage, the cell increases in size and prepares to replicate its DNA.

G1 Checkpoint: If there is no DNA damage and enough sufficient resources, then growth signals stimulate the cell to proceed to DNA synthesis. If not, then the cell either dies or goes to G0.

S: The cell replicates its DNA; at the end of the phase, the cell has two complete sets of chromosomes.

G2: The cell continues to grow and prepares for division.

G2 Checkpoint: There must be undamaged DNA, a complete chromosome set, and enough cell components for the cell to enter the M phase and divide.


  1. In general, what is the purpose of a checkpoint in the cell cycle?

In general, the purpose of a checkpoint in the cell cycle is to ensure that DNA & chromosomes are undamaged and the cell has enough resources to proceed to the next stage. This is to prevent and survey mutations from spreading and further problems later on.


  1. What is the G0 phase of the cell cycle?

    1. Which factors determine whether a cell enters G0?

It depends on the organism’s stage in development, the type of cell, and the resources available. G0 is the resting, nondividing stage.


  1. Can cells leave G0?

Yes, cells can leave G0. For example, liver cells may leave G0 if injury was sustained, progressing through the cell cycle to divide.


Click on “Cell Cycle Regulators and Cancer” in the center purple circle. Read the “Regulators Overview” and then read through the “Cancer Overview” and watch the videos.

  1. What are cell cycle regulators?

Cell cycle regulators are proteins that control the progression of a cell through the cell cycle; they stimulate or inhibit the progression.

  1. Stimulating proteins are encoded by proto-oncogenes..

Examples include:  Growth factors, CDK-cyclins, anaphase-promoting complex/cyclosome (APC/C)

  1. Inhibitory proteins are encoded by tumor suppressor genes..

Examples include:  p53, Rb, mitotic arrest deficient (MAD) proteins

  1. Cancer is the result of an improperly regulated cell cycle. Describe two reasons why cells can form tumors.

Cells can form tumors because there is either too much cell division or too little cell death.


  1. In some types of colon cancer, stem cells have a mutation in the APC gene. What happens if the APC gene is mutated?

If the APC gene is mutated, then the stem cells may lose the ability to repair mutations in their DNA. If both alleles are mutated, then cancer may develop.


  1. Normally, proto-oncogenes stimulate the cell cycle. What are oncogenes and how do they affect the cell cycle?

Oncogenes are mutated versions of proto-oncogenes. They affect the cell cycle by increasing stimulation of the cell cycle, leading to uncontrollable cell division. Normal proto-oncogenes stimulate the cell cycle as well.


  1. To cause cancer, proto-oncogenes require both one(s) to be mutated and therefore are considered dominant. The mutation results in a gain of function. 

  1. Normally, tumor suppressor genes inhibit the cell cycle. How do mutated tumor suppressor genes affect the cell cycle?

Mutated tumor suppressor genes affect the cell cycle by possibly stopping the production of proteins that normally inhibit the cycle. Thus, there is a loss of inhibition, leading to uncontrolled cell division.


  1. To cause cancer, tumor suppressor genes require both allele(s) to be mutated and therefore are considered recessive. The mutation results in a loss of function.


*NOTE: This biointeractive activity is made available by the Howard Hughes Medical Institute; you can visit the website here at https://www.biointeractive.org/classroom-resources/eukaryotic-cell-cycle-and-cancer.. The above includes notes on the activity.


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Honors Biology: The Eukaryotic Cell Cycle Biointeractive Activity Notes

Honors Biology: The Eukaryotic Cell Cycle Biointeractive Activity Notes

INTRODUCTION

This handout complements the Click & Learn The Eukaryotic Cell Cycle and Cancer and is intended as a straightforward introduction to the cell cycle and how it relates to cancer. For a more comprehensive student handout, please see the in-depth version.                 

PROCEDURE

Follow the instructions as you proceed through the Click & Learn and answer the questions in the spaces below.

Click on the “Background” tab on the right side. Read the information and watch the videos.

  1. Why is cell division important for both single-celled and multicellular organisms?

Cell division is important for both single-celled and multicellular organisms because it is the only way single-celled organisms can reproduce, and multicellular organisms need cell division to grow and replace dead or damaged cells.


  1. Why does cell division remain important to an adult organism even after it is fully developed?

Cell division remains important to an adult organism even after it is fully developed because cells need to be continuously renewed (skin and gut cells).


  1. Cells divide, differentiate, or die. What is differentiation?

Differentiation is the process in which cells stop dividing to specialize in their structure and function. Once differentiated, some cells can divide again under certain conditions.


  1. What is apoptosis? What is its purpose?

Apoptosis is programmed cell death. Its purpose is to eliminate unnecessary cells to development, and also removes unhealthy or damaged cells in a mature organism.


  1. What are cell cycle regulators?

Cell cycle regulators are molecular signals that may stimulate or stop cell division, tell cells to differentiate, or initiate cell death.


  1. What happens if cell cycle regulators don’t function properly?

If cell cycle regulators don’t function properly, then an organism may end up with too few or too many cells, causing other problems, including life-threatening tumors, or maybe harmless hair loss.


Click on the purple section labeled “Cell Cycle Phases” as well as the words “Mitosis” and “Interphase” to read an overview of the cell cycle. You can also click on the various phases.

  1. Cells go through periods of growth and division. Cell division occurs during the M (Mitosis) phase..

The rest of the cell cycle is called interphase, during which (use the blank below to complete the sentence) 

The rest of the cell cycle is called interphase, during which a cell grows and replicates its DNA. Interphase occurs between mitotic phases, or two cell divisions.


    

  1. Fill in the details about what happens during the three phases of interphase labeled in the diagram.

G1: The newly divided cell enters this phase right after cell division/mitosis. During this stage, the cell increases in size and prepares to replicate its DNA.

G1 Checkpoint: If there is no DNA damage and enough sufficient resources, then growth signals stimulate the cell to proceed to DNA synthesis. If not, then the cell either dies or goes to G0.

S: The cell replicates its DNA; at the end of the phase, the cell has two complete sets of chromosomes.

G2: The cell continues to grow and prepares for division.

G2 Checkpoint: There must be undamaged DNA, a complete chromosome set, and enough cell components for the cell to enter the M phase and divide.


  1. In general, what is the purpose of a checkpoint in the cell cycle?

In general, the purpose of a checkpoint in the cell cycle is to ensure that DNA & chromosomes are undamaged and the cell has enough resources to proceed to the next stage. This is to prevent and survey mutations from spreading and further problems later on.


  1. What is the G0 phase of the cell cycle?

    1. Which factors determine whether a cell enters G0?

It depends on the organism’s stage in development, the type of cell, and the resources available. G0 is the resting, nondividing stage.


  1. Can cells leave G0?

Yes, cells can leave G0. For example, liver cells may leave G0 if injury was sustained, progressing through the cell cycle to divide.


Click on “Cell Cycle Regulators and Cancer” in the center purple circle. Read the “Regulators Overview” and then read through the “Cancer Overview” and watch the videos.

  1. What are cell cycle regulators?

Cell cycle regulators are proteins that control the progression of a cell through the cell cycle; they stimulate or inhibit the progression.

  1. Stimulating proteins are encoded by proto-oncogenes..

Examples include:  Growth factors, CDK-cyclins, anaphase-promoting complex/cyclosome (APC/C)

  1. Inhibitory proteins are encoded by tumor suppressor genes..

Examples include:  p53, Rb, mitotic arrest deficient (MAD) proteins

  1. Cancer is the result of an improperly regulated cell cycle. Describe two reasons why cells can form tumors.

Cells can form tumors because there is either too much cell division or too little cell death.


  1. In some types of colon cancer, stem cells have a mutation in the APC gene. What happens if the APC gene is mutated?

If the APC gene is mutated, then the stem cells may lose the ability to repair mutations in their DNA. If both alleles are mutated, then cancer may develop.


  1. Normally, proto-oncogenes stimulate the cell cycle. What are oncogenes and how do they affect the cell cycle?

Oncogenes are mutated versions of proto-oncogenes. They affect the cell cycle by increasing stimulation of the cell cycle, leading to uncontrollable cell division. Normal proto-oncogenes stimulate the cell cycle as well.


  1. To cause cancer, proto-oncogenes require both one(s) to be mutated and therefore are considered dominant. The mutation results in a gain of function. 

  1. Normally, tumor suppressor genes inhibit the cell cycle. How do mutated tumor suppressor genes affect the cell cycle?

Mutated tumor suppressor genes affect the cell cycle by possibly stopping the production of proteins that normally inhibit the cycle. Thus, there is a loss of inhibition, leading to uncontrolled cell division.


  1. To cause cancer, tumor suppressor genes require both allele(s) to be mutated and therefore are considered recessive. The mutation results in a loss of function.


*NOTE: This biointeractive activity is made available by the Howard Hughes Medical Institute; you can visit the website here at https://www.biointeractive.org/classroom-resources/eukaryotic-cell-cycle-and-cancer.. The above includes notes on the activity.