Final Exam Study Guide

Exam 1

1. Know:

   1. all living things are composed of cells. All living things reproduce. All living things respond to stimuli found in their environment

2. Examples of natural sciences:

   1. Biology, physics, chemistry

3. Who were the first organisms to appear on Earth?

   1. Bacteria

4. True or False? Theories explain how something happens while laws explain what will happen

   1. true

5. What theory best explains how eukaryotic cells got their mitochondria and chloroplasts?

   1. Endosymbiotic theory

6. An atom’s atomic number is equal to what subatomic particle?

   1. protons

7. What are the 6 main elements of life?

   1. Oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, calcium, phosphorous

8. How are organisms assigned to each taxonomic ranking?

   1. Physical traits and DNA

9. Which are the healthy fats?

   1. Unsaturated fats

10. Which type of amino acid is NOT produced in the human body and thus must be obtained through diet?

    1. Essential

11. What major event helped shape the incredibly diverse lifeforms we see today?

    1. Mass extinctions

12. What is the defining characteristic for differentiating species?

    1. The ability to reproduce and create fertile offspring

13. What is the broadest ( most general) taxonomic ranking?

    1. Domain

14. (blank) structures are similar physical features in organisms that share a common ancestor, but the features may serve different functions now.

    1. Homologous

15. A (blank) is all the individuals of the same species in the same area

    1. population

16. Imagine a liquid that has a pH of 2, what would this be?

    1. acid

17. What are the four macromolecules?

    1. Carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids, proteins

18. True or False? Monomers are molecules that are made up of several repeating polymers.

    1. false

19. All living organisms on earth are (blank) based

    1. carbon

20. (blank) is the study of life

    1. biology

21. The 8 taxonomic rankings in order

    1. Domain, kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species

22. An educated guess based on an observation

    1. hypothesis

23. The smallest unit of life, membrane-bound separate from surroundings

    1. cell

24. The science of naming, describing, and classifying organisms?

    1. taxonomy

25. Collection of protons and neutrons in the center of an atom

    1. nucleus

26. Created the periodic table of elements still used today

    1. Dimitry Mendeleev

27. The smallest unit of a substance

    1. atom

28. System of acquiring knowledge

    1. Science

29. When a protein unfolds due to unfavorable conditions, ex. Cooking an egg

    1. denaturation

30. Created a system for naming species

    1. Carl von Linne

31. The process of keeping internal conditions stable and often different from the environment

    1. Homeostasis

32. How do you know how many neutrons are in a substance?

    1. Mass number (top of periodic table block) - atomic number (bottom of periodic table block)
       

Exam 2

1. What are the three main parts of the cell

   1. Membrane, nucleus, cytoplasm

2. What is the main function of the endomembrane system?

   1. Modifying and transporting proteins and lipids

3. Metabolism that involves the breaking down of complex molecules into simpler molecules

   1. Catabolism

4. True or false? Enzymes are changed during reactions and so are not reusable

   1. false

5. What structures do photosynthetic eukaryotes use during photosynthesis?

   1. Chloroplasts, thylakoid, stroma

6. What is energy associated with movement?

   1. kinetic

7. Light-dependent reactions take place in which structure?

   1. Thylakoid membrane

8. Which type of light dependent reaction uses both Photosystem I and Photosystem II

   1. noncyclic

9. True or false? Oxygen is dangerous and killed off most life when it first came about

   1. true

10. Where does glycolysis take place in the cell?

    1. cytoplasm

11. Glycolysis involves converting glucose into what molecule?

    1. pyruvate

12. True or false? Fermentation is more efficient than aerobic cell respiration producing more ATP

    1. false

13. What are the principles of theory?

    1. all living things are made of cells, cells are the basic unit of life, cells arise from pre-existing cells, hereditary info is passed from cell, all cells have basic chemical composition, energy flow occurs within cells

14. Function of the cell membrane

    1. Controls exchange of external and internal cells

15. Call junctions called (blank) connect the cytoplasm of plant cells

    1. plasmodesmata

16. Which type of cell is defined by having a nucleus

    1. eukaryotic

17. What structure synthesizes proteins?

    1. ribosomes

18. The movement of vesicles and their contents out of the cell

    1. exocytosis

19. Location on enzymes where catalysis occurs

    1. Active site

20. The process of adding a phosphate group to a molecule

    1. phosphorylation

21. Which type of cell respiration does not use oxygen?

    1. anaerobic

22. Which type of fermentation has ethanol as its product?

    1. alcoholic

23. True or false? Oxidative stress can damage cells and can even be passed down to offspring

    1. true

24. Which type of plants fix carbon twice and are associated with desert plants?

    1. CAM

25. Bacterial conjugation occurs through what structure?

    1. pili

26. True or false? Linear metabolic pathways are a cycle of reactions where the final product triggers the first reaction again?

    1. false

27. In electron transfer phosphorylation in aerobic cell respiration, what molecule accepts the electrons from the transfer chain?

    1. oxygen

28. The differences in (blank) gives us different colors

    1. wavelengths

29. What molecules are produced during noncyclic light dependent reactions?

    1. ATP, NADPH, oxygen

30. Light-independent reactions take place in what structure?

    1. stroma

31. What are substances that minimize damages caused by oxygen gas (O₂)

    1. antioxidants

32. What is the name for light with a wavelength of 380-750 nm?

    1. Visible light spectrum

33. True or false? Photons with high energy will have longer wavelengths

    1. false

34. What reactions consume energy as they run?

    1. endergonic

35. What molecules are produced by light-independent reactions?

    1. sugar

36. What are the fist two laws of thermodynamics?

    1. Energy can neither be created or destroyed, energy tends to disperse

37. What term means “ without oxygen “?

    1. anaerobic

38. The movement of substances across gradients such as from high concentration to low concentration

    1. diffusion

39. What enzyme starts the Calvin Cycle by attaching CO₂ to RuBP?

    1. rubisco

40. The process of oxygen binding to RuBP instead of CO₂ that can stop light independent reactions from happening

    1. photorespiration

41. Which term means “with oxygen”

    1. aerobic

42. What type of transport protein use requires energy to move substances across the membrane?

    1. active

43. What proteins embedded in the cell membrane receives signals and then tells the cell how to respond?

    1. Receptor proteins

44. True or false? Most molecules of PGAL are recycled back to make more RuBP during light independent reactions

    1. true

45. Who discovered that sunlight powered photosynthesis?

    1. Theodor engelman

46. Which type of light dependent reaction makes only ATP?

    1. cyclic

47. What are some of the ways cells move?

    1. Pseudopods, cilia, motor proteins

48. What is the pigment that gives plants their green color?

    1. chlorophyll

49. What substance travels through ATP synthase to activate and attach a phosphate group to make ATP?

    1. Hydrogen ions

50. Organisms that make their own food

    1. autotroph

51. Know rhe following structures: flagella, nucleoid, cell membrane

52. The father of microbiology

    1. Antoni van Leeuwenhoek

53. Cellular currency

    1. ATP

54. Breaking down food into energy

    1. metabolism

55. The ability to do work/change

    1. energy

56. The minimum energy needed to start a reaction

    1. Activation energy

57. Speeding up a reaction by enzymes

    1. catalysis

58. Movement of fluid across the cell membrane

    1. osmosis

59. A particle of light

    1. photon

60. Taking carbon from inorganic molecules to build organic molecules

    1. Carbon fixation

61. Metabolism that breaks down glucose to produce ATP

    1. Cell respiration

Exam 3

1. Organisms with diploid cells will have (blank) set(s) of chromosomes in each cell.

   1. two

2. What are the nucleotides found in DNA?

   1. Adenine, guanine, cytosine, thymine

3. True or false? All mutations are harmful

   1. false

4. If a new molecule of DNA has a mistake within its nucleotides this will result in what?

   1. mutations

5. What are common causes for mutations during DNA replication?

   1. Chemical exposure, retroviruses, UV exposure

6. Stage of gene expression where DNA is copied in RNA?

   1. transcription

7. What type of RNA brings amino acids to the ribosomes to be assembled into proteins?

   1. tRNA

8. Stage of gene expression where RNA is used to assemble proteins?

   1. translation

9. Where does transcription occur in the cell?

   1. nucleus

10. Where does translation occur in the cell?

    1. cytoplasm

11. What are the segments of genes that do not code for proteins and thus must be removed from RNA?

    1. introns

12. True or false? As an individual gets older the telomeres on their chromosomes expand

    1. false

13. After mitosis, the chromosome number of a daughter cell is (blank) the parent cell

    1. The same as

14. Which type of neoplasm grows fast, spreads to other parts of the body, and is dangerous to the organisms’ health?

    1. malignant

15. (blank) halves the number of chromosomes, while (blank) restores the number of chromosomes

    1. Meiosis; fertilization

16. If mosquitoes have a diploid chromosome number of 6, then how many chromosomes do their gametes have?

    1. 3

17. Breeding red flowers with white flowers to get pink flowers is an example of what?

    1. Incomplete dominance

18. Evolutionary change within a species that happens over a short amount of time

    1. microevolution

19. What are the four principles of evolution?

    1. Variation in traits, inheritance of traits, selection (encourage, discourage) of traits, time

20. When a group within a species separates from other members of its species and slowly evolves its own unique characteristics

    1. speciation

21. Tightly packed units of DNA

    1. chromosomes

22. Chemical that permanently changes DNA

    1. mutagen

23. Segments of DNA that contain information about traits

    1. genes

24. Cell death

    1. apoptosis

25. Different forms of the same gene

    1. alleles

26. Type of reproduction where a single parent copies itself to make genetically identical offspring

    1. Asexual reproduction

27. Type of reproduction where a genetically unique offspring arises from two parents

    1. Sexual reproduction

28. How well a species is suited for a particular environment

    1. fitness

29. The process of gradual physical changes of a species

    1. evolution

30. (blank) developed the theory of evolution by natural selection

    1. Charles Darwin