Mind Map: Separation of Mixtures Physically

Central Idea: Separation of Mixtures

• Separating mixtures into their individual components using physical methods.

Main Branches:

1. Filtration

   • Separating solid particles from a liquid or gas using a filter medium.

   • Sub-branches:

     • Gravity Filtration

     • Vacuum Filtration

     • Hot Filtration

     

2. Distillation

• Separating a mixture of liquids based on their boiling points.

• Sub-branches:

  • Simple Distillation

  • Fractional Distillation: used to separate petroleum into simpler mixtures of LIQUID hydrocarbons

    • process is dependent on the differences in the boiling points of the hydrocarbon fractions

2. Evaporation

   • Separating a mixture of a solid dissolved in a liquid by heating and vaporizing the liquid.

     • STRONG HEATING required → crucible used (usually made of porcelain)

   • Sub-branches:

     • Simple Evaporation

     • Crystallization: separate a dissolved solid from its solvent

       • concertation solution at HIGH temp and allow it to cool so the solute crystals of the solute form at the bottom of the vessel

       • can add a single “seed crystal” of solute into a solution to initiate crystallization

3. Magnetic Separation

   • Separating magnetic materials from non-magnetic materials using magnets.

   • Sub-branches:

     • Electromagnetic Separation

     • High-Gradient Magnetic Separation

4. Centrifugation

   • Separating components of a mixture based on their density using centrifugal force.

   • Sub-branches:

     • Sedimentation Centrifugation

     • Differential Centrifugation

5. Chromatography: chroma= color graphein= to write

   • Separating mixtures based on the differential movement of components in a mobile phase.

   • Sub-branches:

     • Paper Chromatography

     • Thin-Layer Chromatography

     

6. Sieving

• Separating particles of different sizes using a sieve or mesh.

• Sub-branches:

  • Wet Sieving

  • Dry Sieving

3. Decantation

   • Separating a mixture of a liquid and solid by pouring off the liquid layer.

   • Sub-branches:

     • Gravity Decantation

     • Centrifugal Decantation

4. Sublimation

   • Separating a mixture of a solid and a volatile substance by heating the mixture, causing the solid to directly vaporize.

   • Sub-branches:

     • Reverse Sublimation

     • Freeze-Drying

5. Extraction

   • Separating a mixture by selectively dissolving one or more components into a solvent.

   • Sub-branches:

     • Liquid-Liquid Extraction

     • Solid-Liquid Extraction

Note: This mind map provides an overview of various physical methods for separating mix