Three Emperors League

• Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Russia joined

• Germany challenged the English naval power

• Austria-Hungary lacked an industrial base and ethnic diversity

• Russia wanted warm water port in the Mediterranean Sea

The Ottoman Empire was on the verge of collapsing

The Balkans were ruled by a mixture of Austria-Hungary and the Ottoman Empire

The Alliance System was unstable

• German needed to be on good terms with Russia due to Franco-German tensions

• English had to keep their naval superiority due to their dependency on imports

• Russia abandoned Serbian nationalism

• The Ottomans kept Constantinople

• Dual Alliance was a strong alliance between Germany and Austria-Hungary due to the weakening Russian loyalty

• Italy joined the Dual Alliance in 1882, making it the Triple Alliance

• Bulgaria and Serbia started another Balkan Crisis in 1885

A “new imperialism” was brought forth from 1870-1914

• Characterized by industrialization, intensification, increased technology

• Greater sense of national prestige

Germany, France, and England were in direct competition for Africa

India was the center of British foreign policy

Opium War (1839-1842)

• China was forced to accept opium trade

Boxer Rebellion (1900)

• Peasant unrest turned into open rebellion

• Europeans had limited forces and therefore couldn’t control the population

• Showed need for indirect rule