Ch. 1

Introduction

• There are several scattered Native American tribes, that would settle the Americas far before the Europeans.

• Their ancestries date back thousands of years before the Europeans.

1. The Migration Routes of the First Americans + Migrating East and South

• The Natives had their routes in Siberia, from Asia.

• Scientists theorized that the Natives started their journey in Siberia, where there was a landbridge to Alaska that slowly vanished.

• Hunters would follow the animals south and after the land bridge from Siberia to Alaska evaporated, the Siberian hunters had to adapt to their surroundings.

2. The First Americans Adapt to the Environment + American Indian Cultural Regions

• The American Indians had a strong connection to their surroundings, they would be able to live with what they can and learned how to modify the land to suit their needs.

• In the north, they learned how to make homes out of animal skin and how to raise squashes and chili peppers.

• Over the generations, the groups of American Indians developed their own cultures.

• You could split many Native American cultures into 10 major cultural regions by the 1400s.

3. Cultural Region 1: American Indians of the Arctic

• Much of the arctic is made out of tundra, with very little vegetation.

• It was very hard to find food in the arctic tundra, but during the summer that was much easier as the malibu would be more abundant.

4. Cultural Region 2: American Indians of the Northwest Coast

• In the northwest coast, there was an abundance of seafood.

• The forests of the Northwood served as wood for home production.

• Men would create tools such as:

  • clothing with wooden hedges and bone drills.

  • stone chisels and knives

• Women would:

  • sew

  • make blankets

(i swear im not sexist blame the book)

5. Cultural Region 3: American Indians of California

• The California region would have intense weather, with the summers being hot and dry.

• Groups in California would have many sources of food, such as:

  • salmon.

    • The process to get salmon was to fish.

  • ducks.

    • The process to catch ducks would involve bows and arrows.

• The people of California would create homes based on the climate they were in.

6. Cultural Region 4: American Indians of the Great Basin

• There was very limited food in the American Great Basin.

• The climate was extreme hot and extreme cold.

7: American Indians of the Plateau:

• There was an easy climate. with an easier route to get wood.

• Food was easier to get, as it was nearer.

• Abundance of wood fueled better and faster construction.

8: American Indians of the Southwest

• Due to the harsh climate, there was a major difficulty getting food in the Southwest.

• In the Southwest, the native tribes were nomadic.

  • Sidenote: nomadic means agricultural and behind on technology.

• Corn was by far the most important crop in the Southwest, as it was easy to grow.

9: American Indians of the Great Plains

• The Great Plains were vast flat terrain.

• Because of the flat terrain of the great plains, hunting season would become important as it was difficult to grow crops.

• The bison would be important as it would be a source of food.

10: American Indians of the Eastern Woodlands

• In the Woodlands there was an abundance of trees.

• The woods would provide all needed to live, food and construction.

• The woodlands would be cleared for farming.

11: American Indians of the Southeast

• The Southeast was incredibly fertile, and would be very suitable for crops.

• Southeast America had towns mounted by large eastern mounds.

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Ch. 2

sect 1

• Marco Polo’s book became widely distributed throughout Europe because of the invention of the printing press.

• Columbus would be inspired by Marco Polo’s trip.

• Columbus was looking for funding, and would be funded by the monarchs of Spain.

• Columbus would wash up in the island of Taino, Columbus would mistake the island of Taino as the Indies, and claim it in the name of Spain.

• There was an exchange of crops and animals from the Americas to Europe that:

  • sent corn, squash and pumpkins to Europe

  • and sent horses to the Americas.

• Slavery would wash up in the Americas.

• Smallpox would be very deadly in the Americas, as there was no natural immunity to it in the Native American’s immune system.

• There was two major conquests of Spain:

  • 1: The Aztec conquest

  • 2: The Peruvian conquest.

2. The Spanish Borderlands

• The trip to Florida was managed by a guy named Juan Ponce De Leon.

  • The motivations of which the trip was for, was to find the mythical fountain of youth.

  • However, he instead found “flowery” Florida, and would attempt to colonize it, in doing so he would be shot by a poisoned arrow and die.

• There was an tale of the “Seven Cities of Cibola”

  • The Seven Cities of Cibola would be rumored to hold great riches,

  • These prospects would attract several journeys to find these sacred cities, all coming fruitless.

• In the prospect of finding the Seven Cities of Cibola, a man named Fransisco Vaquez de Coronado would be one of the multiple travelers to search for these sacred lands.

  • Starting a trip from Mexico City, our traveler travelled over 7,000 miles to find 7 villages of Cibola instead of a city.

• Catholic missionaries would be tasked with spreading Christianity at all costs.

• For the Indians, they were able to get new vegetables, and learn new techniques to grow plants.

• Smallpox and other diseases that natives would not have protection against. This would limit the populations to dozens of people from thousands.

3. New France

• France would send Jauques Carter in 1534 to claim land in Canada.

• France would settle the colony in 1608 and would call it Quebec.

• New France became the hub for fur trappers and explorers.

• Unlike Spain, France did not enslave the Natives, instead making them allies and buisness partners.

• The search for fur led to Lousiana, and 9 years after abandoning the settlement, Louis Joilet would claim everything south of the River for France, giving an insanely vast amount of land to France.

4. Jamestown: The First English Colony

• Jamestown was the first English colony, settled in 1497.

• There were other colonies, such as the mystery of Roanoke, which entirely evacuated.

• Jamestown was filled to the brim with craftsmen and barters. While this is good for these specific skills, they aren’t the best at finding food.

• Thankfully, the Jamestown colony was saved by Pocahantas, which would save the colony from starvation.

5. New Netherland: The Short-Lived Dutch Settlement

• In 1626, the Dutch West India Company sent an English sailor to what would be New Amsterdam in 1626.

• The Dutch would give the American Indians ample resources to establish diplomatic relationships.

• As the fur trade expanded and settlement swelled, the Netherlands would establish it further as an colony.

• New England became New York following British threats of invasion.

Ch. 3

1. The New England, Middle and Southern Colonies

• Colonies would be created by business people, hoping to profit from the resources.

• The English government would support these efforts due to the fact that in-part they were competing for dominance over the region.

• By 1733, there would be 13 distinct British colonies, though they can be grouped into 3, New England, Middle and Southern colonies.

  • The New England colonies.

    • The New England colonies include:

      • Rhode Island

      • Conneticut

      • New Hampshire

    • The first settlers of these colonies came to America seeking freedom from religious persecution that they faced in England.

    • In New England, farming was rather difficult, so the forests and sea would become majorly important.

    • The economy of The New England colonies heavily relied on small farms, lumbering, fishing, shipbuilding and trade.

  • The Middle Colonies

    • The Middle Colonies include:

      • New York

      • Pensylvania

      • New Jersey

      • Deleware.

    • The settlers casme from diverse backgrounds.

    • The landscape was varied, from rich soil to wooded forests.

    • Livestock shipbuilding and other occupations would make this an opportune rich colony.

  • The Southern Colonies

    • The Southern Colonies include:

      • Maryland

      • Virginia

      • North Carolina

      • South Carolina

      • Georgia

    • The region was very rich with water, with vast wetlands.

    • The soil and hot and wet climate would make this primetime cash crop areas.

    • Plantations would begin to sprout out in the Southern Colonies, and slaves from Africa would be sent to these plantations (that can’t possibly go wrong right!)

  • Government

    • The colonies would be settled with the permission of the king of England, the king issued a charter for each colony outlining the geographic boundaries.

    • Most of the colonies would develop different forms of government depending on the settlement’s purpose.

    • Many colonies had a governor appointed by the king, said governor held a lot of power, which had the ability to override the elected assembly.

    • Religious colonists in Mass. for example would elect an theocracy.

    • The colonies were ahead of their time, as they were more Democratic than England itself.

The New England Colonies2. New England I: Massachusetts

• Religion in England was very centralized, as the king would preside over the Church of England.

• The Church of England was unpopular with certain groups, there were groups such as the Puritans who wished to purify the Church by streamlining services and hiearchy.

• There however, was an radical group, the Seperatists within the Puritans, wishing to abolish the Church and send Henry away to prison.

• Many Seperatists would go to Holland, but Holland wasn’t home, and many wished to have an place with:

  • Religious freedom

  • AWAY from King Henry

• In 1620, 102 Seperatists set sail on the Mayflower across the Atlantic, landing in Plymoth, near Cape Cod.

• When they arrive, they were at a lack of resources, but a Native American tribe named the Wampanoag helped them plant crops.

• A year after their voyage, they invited the Wampanoag to an feast, which would become the American holiday of Thanksgiving.

• The Puritans gained the freedom to practice their religion without being persecuted.

3. New England II: Rhode Island

• The Puritans would turn into a theocracy, censoring all people saying an Religious opinion against them.

• Notably, there was a man named Roger Williams, who would preach different ideas and would be ordered back to England.

• Instead of that, he left his family and escaped to the South, naming it Providence and welcoming Religious freedom.

• Two years after the establishment of Providence, Anne Hutchinson would suffer the same fate and would create a colony of her own.

• Williams and Hutchinson would combine their colonies and create Portsmouth and overtime, these colonies snowballed and became the colony of Rhode Island.

• While Rhode Island believed in freedom to follow beliefs, slaves were permitted and Rhode Island would become the center of the slave trade.

4. New England III: Connecticut

• Connecticut was an Puritan colony founded by Thomas Hooker, who was a clergyman.

• Hooke didn’t agree about the laws of other colonies, so he and his followers embarked a journey to a more fertile valley.

• Taking two weeks to travel with all their belongings, they established their site on an old Dutch fort.

• Hooker believed that the people should be able to choose the government, and in 1639, he merged with another colony to form Connecticut.

• Nearby, other Puritans would form another colony named New Haven, which was extremely strict.

• None of the two colonies had any charters, and so, when it was given the charter, the area of New Haven would be included.

The Middle Colonies5. Middle I: New York

• The English took control of New Netherland in 1664.

• The colony was named after the Duke of York, who would give land to George Carteret and John Berkeley, the two would establish New Jersey.

• The duke of York wanted it to be a profitable colony, he would appoint people for government, issued laws and made the people pay tax.

• While the rich landlords liked it, the commonfolk did not, so for 2 years they protested and got an assembly.

• After passing 15 laws and giving them selves (gasp) basic rights, the Duke of York would oversee the dissolution of the council.

• Under Leisler they would rebel against the tyranny, and would gain the power to elect their own leaders.

6. Middle II: Pennsylvania

• A man named William Penn asked the king for permission to charter an expedition to settle a colony, the king begrudgingly agreed due to two reasons:

  • Reason 1: the king had a big debt with William Penn’s father.

  • Reason 2: William Penn was quite annoying to the king.

• William Penn was a central figure of the quakers, which English king Charles didn’t like, and punished him accordingly, but he wouldn’t shut up.

• Penn sought to establish a colony away from English tyranny, so he founded Pennsylvania.

• He established a law called the Great Law of 1682., promising free vote and freedom of religion.

• Pennsylvania became the first democracy in the North American continent.

The Southern Colonies7. Southern I: Maryland

• Maryland was founded by a man named Sir George Calvert as an investment of sorts, but after an religious awakening, he would create it into a colony based on faith.

• Due to his newfound religion, other religions other than his own (roman-catholicism)

• They reached Maryland in 1639, and his followers would build St. Mary’s City ontop of a hill.

• Eventually, after a while the religious Catholics would outnumber the protestants.

• Legislature would pass to make sure religious neutrality would be enforced.

• The founding family would be dethroned several times.

8. Southern II: Virginia

• Jamestown was the first successful English settlement following a era of slow growth.

• The economy of Virginia was based on tobacco.

• Tobacco planters would pull labor from Native American tribes, who would die due to the fact they were not used to this.

• Workers would become indentured servants for citizenship. Following this 5-7 year period, they can become a citizen of Virginia with their own plot of land.

• African Americans had the same rights as White Americans if indentured, but as planters turned to slavery, this sadly changed.

• Virginia elected an council.

• Slavery unfortunately, became a way of life in Virgin.

9. Southern III: Georgia

• Georgia, the last colony was founded with noble intentions of helping British people ind ebt build a better life.

• King George II liked this plan because it would make sure the Spainards cannot expand up from Florida, making Georgia an great colony.

• However, there was not many debtors, but there were people looking for religious freedom.

• Georgian life was very hard, due to frequent Spanish raids and Oglethorpe’s strict societal vision.

• AS forth, in 1752, Oglethorpe was ousted back to England, and Georgia elected officials for the first time.

Ch. 4

1. Life on a Farm

• Land was the center of most economic activity within the premises.

• People would live on small family farms wand would be self-sufficient by raising and making nearly everything.

• Everyone wakes up early to share the labor, including cutting wood, feeding animals, tending crops, gathering eggs and the works.

2. Life in Cities

• In 1750, 5% of people lived in the city.

• The heart of the city was the waterfront, where they would gain needed materials.

• The streets would be lined up with businesses, such as shoemakers, silversmiths tailors and other craftspeople.

• Cities were crowded, noisy and smelly, to the point where the commonman is accustomed to such.

• City homes were often very close together.

• Fire was consistent danger due to candles and torches being the primary source of light and the proximity of each home to each other.

3. Rights of Colonists

• Colonists in America were English citizens, and were expected to have the same rights as in England.

• In 1215, King John established the Magna Carta, limiting the power of ruler or monarch.

• Parliament was founded in 1265, made up of people across England, weakening the power of the monarch.

• Parliament in 1869 approved the English Bill of Rights stating the power to make laws and impose taxes belonged to Parliament and her representatives.

• Each colonial assembly would pass its own laws, most crimes were treated however, very similarly.

• Some acts such as murder treason and piracy could be charged with death, however lesser laws could be punished with public humiliation.

• The Puritans would be the most strict, making religious canon into general rule of thumb.

4. Life for African Americans

• Slavery began in Virginia with tobacco planters.

• In the South, slavery expanded rapidly.

• Each year, ships from Europe would have guns, cloths and other goods sailed from Africa.

• Africans would be transported across the Middle Passage, the journey was miserable.

• Enslavers would subject Africans to hard work, and enslaved people had little hope because they were considered property by colonial laws.

5. Religion

• Religion is an important part about colonial life.

• The Great Awakening was the process of where people would become more spiritual because they felt as though they are falling out their religion

• The idea that all men were equal in the hands of God would spread.

6. Education

• Except in New England, most children in the colonies received little or no formal education. Few places in the Middle and Southern Colonies had public schools.

• In the Southern Colonies, most families were spread out along rivers. Neighbors might pool their resources to hire a teacher for their children.

• In the Middle Colonies, religious differences among Quakers, Catholics, Jews, Baptists, and other religious groups slowed the growth of public education.

• Only in New England were towns required to provide public schools. The Puritans' support for education was inspired by their religious faith.

• Female education was very rare and inbetween.

7. Family

• Young men and women would marry in their 20s, with the female partners being incredibly young.’

• Colonial families would have multiple children.

• Family members took care of one another because there was no one else to do so.

8. Leisure

• New colonists would hold a chopping bee were their neighbors would help them cut off the trees off of their land.

• Colonial children would have some basic toys like dolls and marbles.

• Sports were big amongst adults, such as lawn bowling.