Asylum: An institution created for the specific purpose of housing people with psychological disorders

Deinstitutionalization: process of closing large asylums and integrating people back into the community where they can be treated locally

Involuntary Treatment: therapy that is mandated by the courts or other systems

Voluntary treatment :therapy that a person chooses to attend in order to obtain relief from their symptoms

Cultural competence: therapist's understanding and attention to issues of race, culture, and ethnicity in providing treatment

What's the common treatment methods for a mental disorder?: psychotherapy or medicine, or a combination of the two are the most common treatment methods for a mental disorder

biomedical therapy: treatment that involves medication and/or medical procedures to treat psychological disorders

dream analysis: Technique in psychoanalysis in which patients recall their dreams and the psychoanalyst interprets them to reveal unconscious desires or struggles

free association: technique in psychoanalysis in which the patient says whatever comes to mind at the moment

Psychoanalysis: therapeutic orientation developed by Sigmund Freud that employs free association, dream analysis, and transference to uncover repressed feelings

Psychotherapy: (also, psychodynamic psychotherapy) psychological treatment that employs various methods to help someone overcome personal problems, or to attain personal growth

Transference: process in psychoanalysis in which the patient transfers all of the positive or negative emotions associated with the patient's other relationships to the psychoanalyst

cognitive-behavioral therapy: form of psychotherapy that aims to change cognitive distortions and self-defeating behaviors

cognitive therapy: form of psychotherapy that focuses on how a person's thoughts lead to feelings of distress, with the aim of helping them change these irrational thoughts

rational emotive therapy (RET): form of cognitive-behavioral therapy

cognitive bias modification: using exercises (e.g., computer games) to change problematic thinking habits

comorbid disorder: individual who has two or more diagnoses, which often includes a substance abuse diagnosis and another psychiatric diagnosis, such as depression, bipolar disorder, or schizophrenia

humanistic therapy: therapeutic orientation aimed at helping people become more self-aware and accepting of themselves

mindfulness: A process that tries to cultivate a nonjudgmental, yet attentive, mental state. It is a therapy that focuses on one's awareness of bodily sensations, thoughts, and the outside environment

nondirective therapy: therapeutic approach in which the therapist does not give advice or provide interpretations but helps the person identify conflicts and understand feelings

rational emotive therapy (RET): form of cognitive-behavioral therapy relapse repeated drug use and/or alcohol use after a period of improvement from substance abuse

Rogerian (client-centered therapy): non-directive form of humanistic psychotherapy developed by Carl Rogers that emphasizes unconditional positive regard and self-acceptance

unconditional positive regard: fundamental acceptance of a person regardless of what they say or do; term associated with humanistic psychology

eclectic psychotherapy: also called integrative psychotherapy, this term refers to approaches combining multiple orientations (e.g., CBT with psychoanalytic elements).

biomedical therapy: treatment that involves medication and/or medical procedures to treat psychological disorders

electroconvulsive therapy (ECT):

lobotomy: A form of psychosurgery in which parts of the frontal lobe of the brain are destroyed or their connections to other parts of the brain severed Consolidation: the neural processes that occur between an experience and the stabilization of the memory

reconsolidation: the process of replacing or disrupting a stored memory with a new version of the memory

Confidentiality: therapist cannot disclose confidential communications to any third party, unless mandated or permitted by law

individual therapy: treatment modality in which the client and clinician meet one-on-one

intake: therapist's first meeting with the client in which the therapist gathers specific information to address the client's immediate needs

couples therapy: two people in an intimate relationship, such as husband and wife, who are having difficulties and are trying to resolve them with therapy family therapy: special form of group therapy consisting of one or more families group therapy: treatment modality in which 5-10 people with the same issue or concern meet together with a trained clinician

strategic family therapy: therapist guides the therapy sessions and develops treatment plans for each family member for specific problems that can addressed in a short amount of time

structural family therapy: therapist examines and discusses with the family the boundaries and structure of the family-who makes the rules, who sleeps in the bed with whom, how decisions are made, and what are the boundaries within the family

What does the sociocultural perspective look at?: The sociocultural perspective looks at you, your behaviors, and your symptoms in the context of your culture and background. For example, José is an 18-year-old Hispanic male from a traditional family. José comes to treatment because of depression.

What would a black woman not seek out therapy?: One reason may be that her culture views having a mental illness as a stigma. Additionally, perhaps she doesn't have insurance and is worried about the cost of therapy. She could also be afraid that a White counselor would not understand her cultural background, so she would feel uncomfortable sharing things. Also, she may believe she is self-reliant and tell herself that she's a strong woman who can fix this problem on her own without the help of a therapist.

What are the common types of psychotherapies include:

Psychodynamic Therapy: Focuses on revealing the unconscious material of a client's psyche in order to relieve psychic tension.

Behavioral Therapy: Focuses on behaviors that are related to certain thoughts and feelings. Behavioral therapy also focuses on learned behaviors and how an environment can have an effect on those behaviors.

Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT):

Humanistic Therapy: Focuses on the development of the individual with an emphasis on personal feelings and opinions while also helping the client with positive growth.

Group Therapy: When one or more therapists help to treat a small group of clients together.

Eclectic Therapy: When practitioners combine the features of multiple therapies and use them for a specific client's situation rather than just using one specific

PharmacotherapyPharmacotherapy: Medications that are prescribed to clients can be effective, but they also can cause side effects. Symptoms can occur while taking medication and can continue after the medication is no longer being taken. Medications can help treat the symptoms of the client's disorder so that they may function better in society, but they do not cure the disorder.

What are the four classes of medication? The four classes of medication include:

1.Antipsychotics: Help to relieve symptoms of psychosis.

2.Antidepressants: Help to relieve symptoms of depression.

3.Anti-cycling agents: Help to treat bipolar disorder and are also known as mood stabilizers.

4.Hypnoanxiolytics: Help to treat and prevent anxiety.

What is Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)?:

What's the difference between individual therapy vs group therapy?: In an individual therapy session, a client works one-on-one with a trained therapist. In group therapy, usually 5-10 people meet with a trained group therapist to discuss a common issue, such as divorce, grief, eating disorder, substance abuse, or anger management.

Hawthorne effect: increase in performance of individuals who are noticed, watched, and paid attention to by researchers or supervisors

human factors psychology: branch of psychology that studies how workers interact with the tools of work and how to design those tools to optimize workers' productivity, safety, and health

industrial and organizational (I-O) psychology: field in psychology that applies scientific principles to the study of work and the workplace

industrial psychology: branch of psychology that studies job characteristics, applicant characteristics, and how to match them; also studies employee training and performance appraisal

organizational psychology: branch of psychology that studies the interactions between people working in organizations and the effects of those interactions on productivity

What are the seven conditions of an experiment?: The experiment has seven conditions. These are the variations on the experiment listed earlier. Sometimes experiments have sophisticated, complex designs. For example, an experiment might have more than one independent variable, and each of these independent variables would have two or more conditions. This experiment actually had two independent variables: (1) The individual or object that the woman interacted with. This independent variable had three levels: partner, stranger, and inanimate object. (2) The action or task. There were two different tasks: holding vs. viewing. Finally, there was a control condition that did involve viewing or looking, so you might think of it as being closer to the viewing task, but because the participant was simply viewing an uninteresting cross, the experimenters used it as a general control condition, neither part of the holding or viewings conditions.

Occupational health psychology (OHP):

immutable characteristic: traits that employers cannot use to discriminate in hiring, benefits, promotions, or termination; these traits are fundamental to one's personal identity (e.g. skin color and hair texture)

job analysis: determining and listing tasks associated with a particular job

performance appraisal: evaluation of an employee's success or lack of success at performing the duties of the job

Americans with Disabilities Act: employers cannot discriminate against any individual based on a disability

bona fide occupational qualification (BFOQ): requirement of certain occupations for which denying an individual employment would otherwise violate the law, such as requirements concerning religion or sex

U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC)m responsible for enforcing federal laws that make it illegal to discriminate against a job applicant or an employee because of the person's race, color, religion, sex (including pregnancy), national origin, age (40 or older), disability, or genetic information Downsizing: process in which an organization tries to achieve greater overall efficiency by reducing the number of employees

job satisfaction: degree of pleasure that employees derive from their job

telecommuting: employees' ability to set their own hours allowing them to work from home at different parts of the day

work-family balance: occurs when people juggle the demands of work life with the demands of family life

workplace violence: violence or the threat of violence against workers; can occur inside or outside the workplace

work team: group of people within an organization or company given a specific task to achieve together

diversity training: Training employees about cultural differences with the goal of improving teamwork

organizational culture: values, visions, hierarchies, norms and interactions between its employees; how an organization is run, how it operates, and how it makes decisions

procedural justice: fairness by which means are used to achieve results in an organization

sexual harassment:

scientific management: theory of management that analyzed and synthesized workflows with the main objective of improving economic efficiency, especially labor productivity

Theory X:

Theory Y: assumes workers are people who seek to work hard and productively; managers and workers can find creative solutions to problems; workers do not need to be controlled and punished

transactional leadership style: characteristic of leaders who focus on supervision and organizational goals achieved through a system of rewards and punishments; maintenance of the organizational status quo

transformational leadership style: characteristic of leaders who are charismatic role models, inspirational, intellectually stimulating, and individually considerate and who seek to change the organization

checklist: method used to reduce workplace accidents

actor-observer bias: phenomenon of explaining other people's behaviors are due to internal factors and our own behaviors are due to situational forces attribution: our explanation for the source of our own or others' behaviors and outcomes

collectivist culture: culture that focuses on communal relationships with others such as family, friends, and community

Dispositionism: describes a perspective common to personality psychologists, which asserts that our behavior is determined by internal factors, such as personality traits and temperament

fundamental attribution error: tendency to overemphasize internal factors as attributions for behavior and underestimate the power of the situation

individualistic culture: culture that focuses on individual achievement and autonomy

internal factor: internal attribute of a person, such as personality traits or temperament

just-world hypothesis: ideology common in the United States that people get the outcomes they deserve

self-serving bias: tendency for individuals to take credit by making dispositional or internal attributions for positive outcomes and situational or external attributions for negative outcomes

Situationism: describes a perspective that behavior and actions are determined by the immediate environment and surroundings; a view promoted by social psychologists

social psychology: field of psychology that examines how people impact or affect each other, with particular focus on the power of the situation

What perspective do Social psychologists use vs personality Psychology have?: Social psychologists have tended to take the situationist perspective, whereas personality psychologists have promoted the dispositionist perspective.

What is the difference between situationism and dispositional view?: A situationism view is that our behaviors are determined by the situation—for example, a person who is late for work claims that heavy traffic caused the delay. A dispositional view is that our behaviors are determined by personality traits—for example, a driver in a road rage incident claims the driver who cut her off is an aggressive person. Thus, a situational view tends to provide an excuse for inappropriate behavior, and a dispositional view tends to lay blame for inappropriate behavior.

What are the differences between individualistic and collective cultures?:

People from individualistic cultures would tend to attribute athletic success to individual hard work and ability. People from collectivistic cultures would tend attribute athletic success to the team working together and the support and encouragement of the coach.

script: person's knowledge about the sequence of events in a specific setting

social norm: group's expectations regarding what is appropriate and acceptable for the thoughts and behavior of its members

social role: socially defined pattern of behavior that is expected of a person in a given setting or group

Stanford prison experiment: Stanford University conducted an experiment in a mock prison that demonstrated the power of social roles, social norms, and scripts

What was happening in the Stanford experiment?:

The good guards were fulfilling their social roles and they did not object to other guards' abusive behavior because of the power of the situation. In addition, the prison supervisor's behavior sanctioned the guards' negative treatment of prisoners. The prisoners were not weak people; they were recruited because they were healthy, mentally stable adults. The power of their social role influenced them to engage in subservient prisoner behavior. The script for prisoners is to accept abusive behavior from authority figures, especially for punishment, when they do not follow the rules.

attitude: evaluations of or feelings toward a person, idea, or object that are typically positive or negative

cognitive dissonance: psychological discomfort that arises from a conflict in a person's behaviors, attitudes, or beliefs that runs counter to one's positive self-perception

central route persuasion: logic-driven arguments using data and facts to convince people of an argument's worthiness

foot-in-the-door: technique persuasion of one person by another person, encouraging a person to agree to a small favor, or to buy a small item, only to later request a larger favor or purchase of a larger item

peripheral route persuasion: one person persuades another person; an indirect route that relies on association of peripheral cues (such as positive emotions and celebrity endorsement) to associate positivity with a message

persuasion: process of changing our attitude toward something based on some form of communication

Asch effect: group majority influences an individual's judgment, even when that judgment is inaccurate

confederate: person who works for a researcher and is aware of the experiment, but who acts as a participant; used to manipulate social situations as part of the research design

conformity: when individuals change their behavior to go along with the group even if they do not agree with the group

obedience: change of behavior to please an authority figure or to avoid aversive consequences

What do outsiders serve?:

Outsiders can serve as a quality control by offering diverse views and views that may differ from the leader's opinion. The outsider can also remove the illusion of invincibility by having the group's action held up to outside scrutiny. An outsider may offer additional information and uncover information that group members withheld.

What is social loafing?: In social loafing individual performance cannot be evaluated; however, in social facilitation individual performance can be evaluated. Social loafing and social facilitation both occur for easy or well-known tasks and when individuals are relaxed.

group polarization: strengthening of the original group attitude after discussing views within the group

groupthink: group members modify their opinions to match what they believe is the group consensus

informational social influence: conformity to a group norm prompted by the belief that the group is competent and has the correct information

normative social influence: conformity to a group norm to fit in, feel good, and be accepted by the group

social facilitation: improved performance when an audience is watching versus when the individual performs the behavior alone

social loafing: exertion of less effort by a person working in a group because individual performance cannot be evaluated separately from the group, thus causing performance decline on easy tasks

altruism: a motivation for helping that has the improvement of another's welfare as its ultimate goal, with no expectation of any benefits for the helper

arousal: cost-reward model an egoistic theory proposed by Piliavin et al. (1981) that claims that seeing a person in need leads to the arousal of unpleasant feelings, and observers are motivated to eliminate that aversive state, often by helping the victim. A cost-reward analysis: may lead observers to react in ways other than offering direct assistance, including indirect help, reinterpretation of the situation, or fleeing the scene.

bystander effect: situation in which a witness or bystander does not volunteer to help a victim or person in distress

bystander intervention: the phenomenon whereby people intervene to help others in need even if the other is a complete stranger and the intervention puts the helper at risk

cost-benefit analysis: a decision-making process that compares the cost of an action or thing against the expected benefit to help determine the best course of action

diffusion of responsibility: when deciding whether to help a person in need, knowing that there are others who could also provide assistance relieves bystanders of some measure of personal responsibility, reducing the likelihood that bystanders will intervene

egoism: a motivation for helping that has the improvement of the helper's own circumstances as its primary goal

empathic concern: according to Batson's empathy-altruism hypothesis, observers who empathize with a person in need (that is, put themselves in the shoes of the victim and imagine how that person feels) will experience empathic concern and have an altruistic motivation for helping

empathy-altruism model:

pluralistic ignorance: relying on the actions of others to define an ambiguous need situation and to then erroneously conclude that no help or intervention is necessary

prosocial behavior: social behavior that benefits another person

reciprocal altruism: according to evolutionary psychology, a genetic predisposition for people to help those who have previously helped them. altruism: humans' desire to help others even if the costs outweigh the benefits of helping

companionate love: type of love consisting of intimacy and commitment, but not passion; associated with close friendships and family relationships consummate love; type of love occurring when intimacy, passion, and commitment are all present

empathy: capacity to understand another person's perspective—to feel what they feel

homophily: tendency for people to form social networks, including friendships, marriage, business relationships, and many other types of relationships, with others who are similar

mere-exposure effect: the more often we are exposed to a stimulus (e.g., sound, person) the more likely we are to view that stimulus positively

prosocial behavior: voluntary behavior with the intent to help other people

reciprocity: give and take in relationships

romantic love: type of love consisting of intimacy and passion, but no commitment

self-disclosure: sharing personal information in relationships

social exchange theory: humans act as naïve economists in keeping a tally of the ratio of costs and benefits of forming and maintain a relationship, with the goal to maximize benefits and minimize costs

What is the triangular theory of love triangular theory of love: model of love based on three components: intimacy, passion, and commitment; several types of love exist, depending on the presence or absence of each of these components

What is homophily?:

The tendency for people to form social networks, like friendships and relationships, with others who are similar to them is known as homophily.

Ageism: prejudice and discrimination toward individuals based solely on their age

Discrimination: negative actions toward individuals as a result of their membership in a particular group

Homophobia: prejudice and discrimination against individuals based solely on their sexual orientation

prejudice: negative attitudes and feelings toward individuals based solely on their membership in a particular group

racism: prejudice and discrimination toward individuals based solely on their race

sexism: prejudice and discrimination toward individuals based on their sex stereotype: negative beliefs about individuals based solely on their membership in a group, regardless of their individual characteristics

confirmation bias: seeking out information that supports our stereotypes while ignoring information that is inconsistent with our stereotypes

discrimination: negative actions toward individuals as a result of their membership in a particular group

in-group; group that we identify with or see ourselves as belonging to

in-group bias: preference for our own group over other groups

out-group: group that we don't belong to—one that we view as fundamentally different from us

scapegoating: act of blaming an out-group when the in-group experiences frustration or is blocked from obtaining a goal

self-fulfilling prophecy: treating stereotyped group members according to our biased expectations only to have this treatment influence the individual to act according to our stereotypic expectations, thus confirming our stereotypic beliefs

aggression: seeking to cause harm or pain to another person

bullying: A person, often an adolescent, being treated negatively repeatedly and over time

Cyberbullying: Repeated behavior that is intended to cause psychological or emotional harm to another person and that takes place online

hostile aggression: aggression motivated by feelings of anger with intent to cause pain

instrumental aggression: aggression motivated by achieving a goal and does not necessarily involve intent to cause pain