-Wilson 14 points. Self determination-ethnicities choose own borders, leaders. Emergence of Austria, Hungary, turkey, Finland, Yugoslavia, baltic, Czechoslovakia.
-League of Nations, peace keepers. Economic sanctions, 3rd party problem solvers. No military, US, Germ, USSR not involved
-Increased opposition to imperialism India, Vietnam(europeans get self determination but the colonies don't)

Mandate System

-Middle East, econ/politically controlled by GB FR (Oil interest). They dont get self determination.
-Syless Picot agreement. Jewish settlers enter British Palestine

Spanish flu

1918 global pandemic disperse. Devastated population, more deaths than WWI

1911 End of Qing Dynasty China

Sun Yatsun- Chinese rev 1911. Republic of China, weak gov/ civil war till 1949. Then 1977-1995 fought Japan

Russian Revolution of 1917

-Famine, losing war, issues over land.
- Duma-start a classical liberal rev. (doesnt solve problems) Unsuccessful revolt Feb. Rev- provisional gov.
-Petrograd Soviet and Lenin (Bolsheviks) USSR October/bolshevik revolution = first communist gov. State controls economy, eliminate private farms, peasants redistribute land.

Economic failure Russia

Russian civil war Bolsheviks (red)vs Mensheviks(white)
-Bolsheviks win. New Economic Policy 1921 =private farms, factories compete, helps econ recovery (Non communist policies)

From Politoburo (Communist leaders and USSR)

-Stalin 1924 takes over. Doesnt like Kulaks (successful peasants), or NEP. De-kulakization period-killing, imprisoning, send to Serbia. Lose large working class, many die from worsened famine

5 year plan

State run, 5 year goals for coal/steel industrialization. Successful approach, standard for communists to industrialize. High cost-poverty, misery in factories but does catch up to other countries.

Great Depression

-1929-WWII Overproduction: assembly lines. People stop buying, more stuff, price decreases. Deflation, farmers lose money. Unemployed formers/workers.
-Bank system failure: loans and stocks, prices start getting too high, stock inflates people stop buying, led to crash. banks go out of business, people rush to take out their own money.

Keynesian economics

-Demand side economy. Provide employment to restate economy. State provides jobs through military spending, public works. Pays with taxes/deficit spending(money they dont have)

Nazi Germany Economy GD approach

keynesian spending, public works (stadium, Autobahn), re-militarizing(not supposed to) makes full recovery

US economy GD approach

New Deal- FDR. half approach. Public works (Keysnian) and poor/workers aid. Full keysnian with WWII

France economy GD approach

1930s Europe

Democracies fail and become dictatorships. Economy unstable, gov not well funded, easy to overthrow (Germany, Italy, Spain, Hungary, Romania)

Totalitarian Dictators

-Stalin(USSR) Mussolini(Italy) Hitler(Germ)
All use fear and propaganda. Censorship and self promotions.
Secret police- Gestapo(H)
military groups- SS (H), black shirts (Muss)
prison camps- (gulags(S), conc camps(H)
purges- Night long knives(H), Great purge/terror (R)
obtain power legitimately-Reichstag(H), Politburo (S)

Fascist

Radical right. Anti-communist, pro nationalistic. (comm and jews targeted) Hitler, Mussolini

Spanish Civil war

1936-39 Republicans-communists. USSR/Stalin support-loses
Nationalists- Franciso Franco, fascists. Hit/Muss support. Germ tests new war tech. wins. Blitzkrieg/firebombing.
-Pablo Picasso Guernica, antiwar protest

Hitler rise

Germany-Weimar Republic. Hitler/nazis rise, blame Weimar for signing treaty of Versailles/weakness. Takes over 1933, violates treaty
-1936 Re-militarize Rhineland
-1938 combine with Austria (Anschluss)
-1938 demand Sudetendland(Cz) Munich agreement (Chamberlain GB appeasement), but he breaks it

Hitlers racial policies

Nuremburg Laws 1935-no intermarriage, citizenship taken from Jews
-Night of Broken Glass-attack on them
-Nazi Eugenic programs (out breeding). Chase out non-Aryans, compulsary sterilization for "unfit"
-Encourage German births, rewards for mothers-time off, nurseries

Start of WWII

Nazis and Soviets invade Poland 1939
-Nazi-soviet non agression pact. agree to join and invade poland to divide equally. Soviets also invade Baltic area/Finland, get back from WWI

Battle of France

France trapped by Germans @ Dunkirk
Italy attacked from south & Germans from the north to Paris
Germany wins, occupies N France. Occupied by Nazis. Vichy France created

Battle of Britain

Intense firebombing. Attempt to bomb into surrender, submarines for navy.

Operation Barbarossa (1941)

Hitler's idea to destroy the Soviet Union and achieve his goal of Lebensraum(german people); successful at first but failed to capture the key cities

Pacific Theater

-1937 Japan invade China, start 2nd Sino-Japanese war
-overwhelm/occupy main cities, go over board, extremely violent.
-Anglo-American oil embargo. Cut off Japan from oil to try to get them to stop.(Japan doesnt have oil reserves)
-Japan tries to take all of Dutch East Indies oil holdings, not successful
-attack Pearl Harbor, and western powers in E/SE Asia

Anglo-American Invasions

-Radar and sonar, can see them coming
-Code breaking to get japan plans
-War of production- advantage to allies (axis powers run out of stuff and suplies sooner)
-Turning point: Midway 1942(US bombs Japan). Stalingrad 1942(Successful soviet defense), D-Day 1944(Normandy landings to take back France)

Nuclear Program

Manhattan Project, based on Einstein e=mc^2, Heisenburg quantum mechanics, Fermi nuclear power
-Drop bombs on Hiroshima/Nagasaki. Save US lives. End war quicker to stop USSR gaining land

Nuremburg Trials (1945)

International trial for Holocaust engineers

WWII Destruction

Ch/Japan/Europe- destroyed, millions casualties
-Germans, soviets, Chinese, took the biggest hits

United Nations

1945 Nearly all countries included. Economic sanctions/negotiations, military. General Assembly-voting decisions. Securtiy council- 5 perm members(Ch/US/USSR/GB/FR) 9 members voted in every 2 yrs
-Human rights, genocide, invasions, economic aid (IMF-international military fund) International human rights

Cold War

-Potsdam Conference 1945- agree on self determination of Europe. 4 zones of Germany united into one. USSR violates this. force eastern to become communists
-Soviet Berlin blockade 1947, airlift by GB and US to save them
-Soviets support native communist parties, fund and control as puppets (satellite states) buffer for west
-peasants party oppressed

western Germany

Unstable, economically. Communist, socialist became popular. Self determination, let them choose.
-Marshal plan, 1947 US lends money to France and anyone, creates opportunities
-GATT treaty, get rid of tariffs/free market economy, economies recover, gov stabilized, decrease communism
-heavy US influence on euro culture. French dislikes-anti americanization

COMECOM

Soviet marshal plan. centrally planned economy-gov controls everything (free trade works better)

Turkey/Greece

democracies, strong communists uprisings (USSR aid). US aids Gr/Turks gov. unofficially begin cold war

Truman Doctrine

1947 contain communism (turk/Greece)

NATO

Defensive military alliance of West.
Leads to Warsaw pact- alliance of East bloc
-Iron curtain speech Churchill

US/USSR Why can they fight?

Cant fight directly, mutually assured destruction policy. Both have nuclear weapons, will destroy both populations. Fought through proxy wars

proxy wars

indirect fighting.
-US there: USSR supports other side, Korea, Vietnam
-USSR there; US supports non communists-
-Dictators Pinochet in Chile 1973, Idi Amin Uganda 1970- bad people but we support bc theyre not communist
-Niether there: US supports anti comm, USSR supports communists

Espionage

Both trying to sabatoge other side. CIA, KGB, MI-6

Proxy Wars examples

-Chinese: 1945-49. Nationalist party(Chiang Kaishik)US vs CCP (Mao Zedong) USSR Win
-Korea 1950-53 North(USSR and China) vs south(UN/us through UN) Tie
-Vietnam 1954-73 N(USSR)Won vs S(US direct)
-Soviet Affair 79-89 Afghans(US supports) vs Soviets

Gov Role changes after WWII

Welfare state- cradle to grave protect/support
-British Labor Party, GSD(germ social democrat) party, Fr Socialist party
-Soc security(pension), food stamps, health care, insurances(money to unemployed)
-Increases expenditures, taxes raise, cost production increase, eventually lead to outsourcing. Deficit spending increases

Philosophy/religion after wwI

- After wwi = modernist literature. Unreliable narrator, strain of consumer writing (James Joyce, Virginia Wolfe)
-Art- Expressionism- subjective interpretation, dada- break away from traditional art

Philosophy post WWII

Existentialism- John Sartce "Existence precedes essence" You have your own struggles you face, meaning to life=own subjective experience.
-Post Modernism; no objective reality, infinite amount of interpretations of reality. All equality valid, no one right or wrong.

Post WWII religion

-Influenced by existentialism
-Christianity: beleived follow the state. After totalitarianism, changes mind. Resist evil/corrupt gov
-Prot: pastor Bonhoeffer-Confessing Church. They opposed Nazis
-Cath: opposed USSR, John Paul ii helps
-Vatican Liberation theology 1. aid to poor 2. tolerant of other religions 3. accept science

China

1949 Mao Zeheng CCP, one party system. Copy soviet model, central planned (5 yr plans)
-Great Leap Forward: reject professionals/industrialists, peasants are producing. Loss of production, economy goes down.
-Cultural rev 60s. persecute/imprison anti communist
-Killed millions. Famine and death.

De-stalinization

1954 Kersechev, exposed evils of stalin, gulags, purges, secret police. Tear down stalin propoganda
-Hungarian Rev. 1956, Soviet military puts Hung communists back in power. Undo rev by force

Neo-Marxism

Rejection of Marxism. Battle ground for arbitrary power.
Oppressed vs oppressors narrative.