Why do People communicate?

• To Maintain and establish a relationship

• To find meaning in what they do daily

• To know oneself

Note: Successful communication requires understanding, but sometimes we encounter problems because of different factors.

Communicative Strategies

• These are language learners use to overcome communication problems in order for them to convey their intended meaning.

• According to Cohen 1990, Communicative Strategies must be used to start and keep the conversation going.

TYPES OF COMMUNICATIVE STRATEGIES:

1. Nomination

   • Proposing or Suggesting a topic with the people you are communicating to.

   • It is the Beginning or Opening of a conversation.

2. Restriction

   • Limiting the topic or subject in conversation.

   • This only happens when the person wants to focus on a certain aspect of the topic being discussed due to some limiting factors.

3. Turn-Taking

   • People decide who will take the conversation floor.

   • Allowing others to speak.

     Turn-Taking Strategies:

     • Speak, then ask

     • Use conjunctions

     • Avoid interruptions

     • Consider fluency over accuracy

4. Topic Control

   • regulating or manipulating the topic of the conversation and how long we want the other person may talk.

5. Topic Shifting

   • Changing the subject in a conversation, moving from one topic to another.

   • done without announcing the change of the topic and keeping the communication.

6. Repair

   • The correction by the speaker of a misunderstood utterance.

   • How the speaker addresses the problems in speaking, listening, and comprehending that they may encounter in a conversation.

4 Varieties of Repair Sequence

1. Self-Initiated and Self Repair

   • both initiated and carried out by the speaker.

2. Other-Initiated and Self-Repair

   • initiated by the recipient, the repair is carried out by the speaker.

3. Self-Initiated and Other Repair

   • speaker initiated the receiver to repair the trouble.

4. Other-Initiated and Other-Repair

   • receiver initiates and carries out the trouble

7. Termination

   • ending the conversation or closing up a discussion

   • refers to the conversation participant’s close initiating expressions that end a topic in a conversation.