Reference Group

A collection of people that we use as a standard of comparison for ourselves regardless of whether we are part of that group. We rely on reference groups to understand social norms, which then shape our values, ideas, behavior, and appearance. This means that we also use them to evaluate the relative worth, desirability, or appropriateness of these things.

3 Basic Functions

1. They serve a normative function by setting and enforcing standards of conduct and belief.

“The significant thing about a reference group is, in fact, that its norms provide frames of reference which actually influence the attitude and the behavior of a person.” T. Newcomb (1953).

2. They also perform a comparison function by serving as a standard against which people can measure themselves and others

3. They serve not only as sources of current evaluation but also as a source of aspiration and goal attainment (as a means of anticipatory socialization). A person who chooses to become a professor or a lawyer begins to identify with that group and becomes socialized to have certain goals and expectations

Informal Reference Group

Most reference groups are informal reference groups, which means that they are based on the group members' shared interests and goals. Informal groups are not structured with a specific goal in mind. Group members interact on a very personal level.

• Families

• A group of local mothers

• Peer groups

Formal Reference Group
Formal reference groups have a specific goal or mission**.** They also have a specific structure and positions of authority.

• Labor unions

• Greenpeace

• Planet Savers

• Organization /Corporations