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Ethnicity refers to a group of peoples shares cultural traits or traditions. These cultural traits can include language and religion, but often go well beyond those two cultural signifiers.

This eliminates Choices ´C’and ‘D´ because the issue is larger than simply language and religion and may include food, traditions, and historical commonality.

Be careful not to confuse ethnicity and race. For example, African-Americans and people born in Africa have many of the same racial characteristics but are ethnically different in their traditions and cultural traits

Choice ´C´ is the best response. A ¨centrifugal” force has a negative effect on unity or homogeneity. There are over 700 languages spoken within India’s borders, and each territory or state speaks a different dominant language. In this case, loyalty may be divided between the state and national forces

Choice ´A´ is the correct answer. According to the charts, English is the most common language in Northern Ireland. As England colonized Northern Ireland, it can be inferred that English diffused hierarchically due to colonial control. Hierarchical diffusion refers to the spread of a cultural tr

Choice É is the correct answer choice. A region is a place that can be linked through common traits or characteristics. These characteristics can be economic, cultural, or anything between. Region ties together several places: for example, QQ users in Beijing and Shanghai. Another example of region is a physical region. The Himalayas would be a physical region because the entire place is linked by similar physical characteristics

**Choice A is the correct answer. Countries in stage 4 of demographic transition have strong developed economies that are attractive to international migrants in search of employment and opportunity. Many of the skilled and highly educated workers in these countries tend to move from large urban areas to suburban areas as they age and look to start families. Property in suburban areas is also cheaper than in large cities, which is another reason for this urban to suburban migration pattern.

The correct answer is Choice C. Expansion diffusion involves the spread of an idea, practice, or, in this case, a cultural trait so that its geographic distribution broadens (expands) and its members multiply. In the map, it is clear that there are heavy metal bands in many countries around the world, implying that the music genre has spread through expansion diffusion.

Ethnicity refers to a group of peoples who shared cultural traits or traditions. These cultural traits can include language and religion, but often go well beyond those two cultural signifiers

Be careful not to confuse ethnicity and race. For example, African-Americans and people born in Africa have many of the same racial characteristics but are ethnically different in their traditions and cultural traits.

Choice A is the correct answer. According to the charts, English is the most common language in Northern Ireland. As the England colonized Northern Ireland, it can be inferred that English diffused hierarchically due to colonial control. Hierarchical diffusion refers to the spread of a cultural trait, pattern, or practice from individuals or places of power to those that are less powerful. The global diffusion of English is in large part due to the hierarchical diffusion that accused along with England’s historical imperialism.

Choice E is correct. Cultural revivals are attempts by indigenous people to rekindle or bolster their culture in an effort to keep it from disappearing as a result of forced assimilation. For example, Native American groups such as Ojibwe in the Upper Midwest have revitalized their language through immersion programs in schools

Choice D is the correct answer. The southwest has the highest percentages of Native Americans by county per total percent of population. Most countries in the Southwest have 1% or more Native Americans per total population.

Choice A is the correct answer choice. fred Kniffen identified each of these housing types and associated them with their regional characteristics. Early housing styles were environmentally determined: a cold, snowy area would have a house style, which was compact for heating purposes and had a steeply pitched roof. Additionally, housing styles did not diffuse in isolation. Language, religion, and other aspects of culture follow the same path of diffusion as housing styles. Since differences of housing reflect regional differences, architecture and specifically, housing, can be good indicators of the cultural landscape.

B is incorrect because Fred Kniffen did not identify the southern Coastal housing type. Southern Tidewater describes a housing type found mostly in coastal area of the Southern United States and often characterized by a wraparound porch.

Choice A is the correct answer choice. African-Americans are largely clustered in the southeastern United States, African Americans initially experienced forced migration to the southeastern

Choice C is the correct answer choice. Population pyramids are ideal for displaying life expectancies across ethnic groups because they show the percentage of males and females at various age cohorts (0-4, 5-9, 10-14, etc.). Geographers can compare a population pyramid of African-Americans, Hispanic-Americans, etc. living in Detroit to see which groups live the longest and predict why. They could even change the scale to compare the experience of various ethnic groups within Detroit to experiences nationwide!

Choice D is the correct answer choice. Possiblism is the theory that states that the environment partly, but not wholly, affects how cultures develop. The climate might play an important role for example on the culture of the Inuit of Northern Canada. Inuits need to build an igloo snow huts for example when they hunt food in order to survive the harsh conditions. However, possibilism argues that humans are notcompletely controlled by the environment and can adapt to environmental constraints. An example of this, sticking with Northern Canada, is that tourist hotels can be found in Inuit territory. A further example is the heavy settlement of tropical and sub-tropical regions of the world due to air conditioning.

Sequent occupance is the notion that successive societies leave their cultural imprints for later cultures, reminding them of past cultures existing in the area. The Mall Of America, located in MInnesota, is a contemporary building which reflects current trends in the economy but is not an example of sequent occupance.

In the distractor answers; evidence of Native American, Greek, and classroom culture is left on the walls or the cultural landscape. These are therefore examples of sequent occupance.

Answer Choice A is correct. UNESCO Cultural Heritage Sites are, by definition, places that are characteristic of a particular culture, where humans have imprinted their distinctive ways of being onto the landscape in some manner (e.g. Mesa Verde as Pueblo architecture)

Answer Choice A is correct. Semiotics is a branch of linguistics that apprehends the meanings of signs and icons. Some cultural geographers read landscapes as texts that may tell much about the people of a culture, how they organize space, how they relate to one another and the land.

Choice D is the correct answer. The distinctive taste that accompanies food from a particular region is caused by the physical characteristics of the local environment that can include soil, elevation, and climate. These are all considered “site” characteristics.

Choice A is the correct answer choice. Catacombs are underground burial chambers. Hundreds of years ago catacombs were used because the space inside of European walls was too valuable to be used for cemetery purposes. Therefore, the dead were often times buried underneath the walled portion of these cities in large hallways. Paris, France contains a high number of catacombs because it was a walled city in the Medieval times making the space inside the city too valuable for large swaths of land to be devoted to the dead.

The correct answer is Choice D. ALthough in some sub-Saharan countries the sex-ratio is imbalanced with more women than men and in others it is imbalanced with more men than women, females still make up approximately half of the total population. This is the largest demographic group of the choices provided.

Answer Choice B is correct. Cultural factors seem to have a significant impact on longevity in all of these blue zones. The locations mentioned have different environments and economies. However, each include cultural factors that contribute to health such as a healthy diet, regular exercise, and strong community relationships

Choice B is correct. This case demonstrates that people around the world, even those with no contact with each other, can independently come up with similar cultural practices. in the case of blue zones, these practices lead to unusual longevity.

Choice C is the correct answer. Mentifacts, sociofacts, and artifacts were identified by a theorist named Julian Huxley. Mentifacts refer to the values, laws, and beliefs of a society or group. These are passed down to future generations and are a part of non-material culture.

Choice B is the best response. Islam is the dominant religion of northern Africa. Islam spread into northern Africa through Arab trade beginning in the late 600s and continued its diffusion for the next 500 years. In 1324, Mansa Musa, a great leader from the kingdom of Mali in west Africa, made his hajj (Islamic pilgrimage to Mecca) in which he traveled northward across the Sahara and then eastward along the north African coast. As he returned from Mecca, he brought many Islamic scientists, scholars, astrologers, and other great thinkers back to Mali with him and helped establish Islamic culture. Today, based on these remnants as well as strong Arab Muslim influences, most of northern Africa (estimated at over 53%) are Muslim.

The correct answer is Choice C. Saltbox houses are named for their shape, which resembles the boxes used to store salt in the 1700s. Although some argue that the shape of this house was intended to help residents avoid taxes on multi-story buildings, this housing design clearly responds to the cold climate of New England as dramatically sloped roof allows rain and snow to slide off. Climate is part of physical geography.

A revived language is a language that was at one time extinct and barely used in the world, and has been brought back by a group of people. Choice A is the correct answer because Hebrew once was the main language of the region where modern day Israel is located, As many Jewish followers migrated to other regions of the world over time, the Arabic language became the dominant language in the region. When the country of Israel was created in 1947, many Jews from Europe settled in the region and reinstates their folk culture. today, Hebrew is the official language of Israel.

Choice B is the correct answer. Cultural relativism is an attitude in which a person makes an effort to understand another person’s culture based on the standards of that person’s culture, rather than their own cultural standards.

An American family vacationing in a foreign country with the primary intention of understanding why different people groups speak, eat, dress, and celebrate differently than their own family is the opposite of ethnocentrism - when people make judgments about another culture based on their own cultural views

Choice E is the correct answer. The millions of immigrants from the UK and Germany that flocked to the US from 1820 to 1860 were part of a voluntary migration. These immigrants came to the United States in search of economic opportunity and do not fit the characteristics of forced migrants. Forced migration occurs when people are made to leave their homeland due to fear of religious, ethnic or political persecution or as a result of a natural disaster, like droughts, floods or hurricanes.

The Choice C is the correct answer choice. The Amalgamation Theory is the form term for the traditional concept of the AMerican “Melting Pot” . The melting pot is the idea the many immigrants to the United States contributed to a rich mixing of culture (foods, language, customs, etc.). The melting pot idea suggests that Americans of different ethnicities blend together into a richness that is America. Each ethnic contributes a unique quality to the concept of being an American. This is the concept of a “salad bowl”. The analogy goes that each unique feature of the salad can be enjoyed alone, but the salad (combination of ingredients) is greater than the sum of its parts. So too with culture -- each individual culture contributes something important and distinct, and the juxtaposition of multiple cultures creates something rich, varied, and important.

Choice B is the correct answer. Acculturation is adopting a new culture while still keeping some of your original cultures. As stated in the question, the family keeps significant elements of their culture even though they migrated to the United States.

Choice E is the correct answer choice. Walmart was founded in Bentonville, Arkansas is 1962. The company’s early store openings were in small towns. In the 1980s and 1990s Walmart began to open stores in larger markets.

This is hierarchical diffusion, meaning diffusion from nodes of authority to other people or places, skipping the geographic areas in between. I hierarchical diffusion, the phenomenon is usually spread from areas of authority (larger cities) to areas of less influence (rural areas). However, Walmart actually did the opposite and spread from smaller rural settlements into areas of larger populations.

Walmart’s marketing policy was to begin in areas of higher rural characteristics because Walmart could offer the majority of goods and services that a person would need in rural areas. Urban areas can offer a higher hierarchical order and usually provide higher-end goods compared to rural areas.

Step Migration is defined as migration to a distant location that happens in stages. Choice A is the best statement that describes step migration because many highschool graduates do move to other locations to study at a university. The example of step migration shows that stages within life and circumstances may cause someone to move.

For example, high school graduates will move to a college town for four years to study their degree. The move from hometown to college town would be considered stage 1. Once that same student graduates from college, they may move to a city due to a job opportunity; thus, a bigger town and more independence. This would be considered stage 2.

The correct answer is Choice A. The Kurds are a people that do not officially have their own territory. The area that would be considered “Kurdistan” lies between Northern Iraq, Syria, and iran. The Kurds are considered stateless due to not having their own land to claim. This answer is correct because the Kurds are displaced from their own territory that they historically claim, but do not claim currently.

The correct answer is Choice B. Refugees are people who were forced to leave their country due to war, natural disaster, or persecution. Similar to an asylum seeker, a refugee migrates internationally, meaning they move from one country to another. Unlike an asylum seeker, in order to be considered a refugee, the country they migrate to must have processed their claim through their legal system.

Choice A is the correct answer. Circulation refers to short-term, repetitive movements that recur on a regular basis. The migration described in the story does not contain an accurate example of circulation.

The correct answer is Choice D. A “climate migrant” is a person/group of people who are forced to flee due to environmental changes like sea-level rise, drought, or water scarcity. Scientists have been studying the effects of climate change on landscapes for many years. Some fear that populations will be affected by these climate changes that will result in loss of land and required to move to new locations. Some populations in low elevations near coasts are seeing a drastic rise in sea waters that are threatening homes. People who migrate to new places due to climate change are known as climate migrants. These migrations are forced migrations due to losing resources and land to continue their way of living.

The Great Migration was a wave of African American migrants from southern states to northern cities in search of economic opportunities. During WW1, African American Migrants replaced workers in American factories who went to the Western Front to fight the war in Europe. Best choice was A.

The best answer is choice C. Remember that a push factor serves to “push” people out of an area, whereas pull factors serve to entice, or “pull” them in. For stand-up comics (and other creative types) New York City is a unique, cultural hub. Therefore, cultural pull factors would most likely motivate n aspiring comci’s move to NYC, making choice C the best answer.

Choice E is the correct answer. According to Ernest Ravenstein, most migrants move short distances, but those who move long distances generally move to large cities. Additionally Ravenstein identified young adults

Choice E is the best answer. To answer this question, you first needed to know that crude density measures population per km of land area whereas physiological density measures population per km of arable land. Second, you needed to recognize from the data set that, while both countries have a greater physiologic density compared to its crude density, Mongolia;s ratio of physiological to crude density than the US but a larger physiologic density, you can conclude that it has less arable land

Answer choice A is correct. Climate change is expected to result in atmospheric warming that will melt the glaciers and polar icecaps of the world, causing sea levels to rise, inundating low elevation coastal areas with water, and endangering coastal populations.

Choice D is the correct answer. Remember, you can calculate arithmetic density by dividing a region’s population by its total land area. Because of its massive land area, Australia would have a very low arithmetic density.

Choice D is the correct answer. Physiological density is calculated by dividing the population by the amount of arable land in a country. Countries with high physiological densities have large populations relative to the amount of farmable land, which can put increased pressure on the country’s food supply.

Carrying capacity- the number of people a region can support - is lower in countries with higher physiological densities. These countries are often forced to import food from other countries since they lack the ability to produce enough food to support their populations.

Choice C is the correct answer. Countries with high physiological densities have large populations in relation to the amount of arable land, sometimes resulting in food shortages. Many of these countries are forced to import staple crops and other agricultural goods in order to supplement domestically produced foods. Entering

Answer choice A is correct. Crimea was part of the Russian Empire from 1783 until 1954 when it was transferred into the Ukrainian Republic of the Soviet Union. It stuck to Ukraine as an autonomous republic when it declared independence in 1991. It was annexed by Russia in 2014, and its sovereign status is disputed internationally. During the long occupation, Russian culture became well established.

Choice C is the correct answer. The Berlin Conference of 1884-1885 resulted in the partition of Africa by 13 different European states. The Maghreb, due in part to its close proximity to these European states, became a possession of France, Spain, and Italy.

Choice B is the correct answer choice. popular culture can be damaging to the environment. As consumerism increases, waste and demand for natural resources carry increasingly negative environmental consequences. Popular culture usually damages the environment because of the amount of resources that it uses as well as the waste that is produced by the consumption of popular culture. Televisions and electronics use energy, which is usually produced from the burning of fossil fuels (especially in LDCs.) In addition, many popular culture items (including containers from fast-food chains or used electronics) end up being improperly disposed instead of recycled.

Choice D is the correct answer choice. Acculturation is when an individual or group adopts the traits of the host society or engages in the process of change through cultural borrowing. They still, however, maintain aspects of their original culture, and the process usually takes about one generation.

An example would be a first-generation immigrant who learns the host language for use at work but speaks his or her native language at home. She may continue to wear clothes associated with native country, but had adjusted some beliefs or attitudes consistent with the host country.

Choice B is the correct answer choice. Multiculturalism is the acceptance or promotion a many cultural groups within one jurisdiction. For multicultural ideas to diffuse, there must be more than one party involved.

Choice C is the correct answer choice. The process of cultural appropriation occurs when aspects of local culture are used to accumulate wealth or prestige for people outside of the culture. Examples of cultural appropriation include the use of Native American images for team mascots, Polynesian-themed tattoos, natural remedies and mass-produced Aboriginal art.

Choice B is the correct answer choice. The process of assimilation is when an individual or group adopts the culture, language, clothing styles, and so forth of the host culture. It generally takes about three generations for a descendant of immigrants to fully assimilate and adopt their host cultures completely.

One example might be a second-gen immigrant. She may still speak his or her native language at home and celebrate native holidays, but otherwise identifies more closely with the host culture.

Choice A is the correct answer choice. Maladaptive diffusion is an idea of an innovation that is not suitable to the environment to which it is diffused. Ranch houses were impractical to heat in the northeast part of the United States and therefore, are considered maladaptive. Ranch houses also take a lot of space and usually have higher property taxes because of the amount of space that is taken up on each property to. Ranch houses are more suitable for Midwestern or Western cities where space is more available in urban areas.

Another example of maladaptive diffusion is the wearing of jeans in colder climates, where they do not provide an adequate source of warmth.

Choice D is the correct answer. A parliament is referred to as a group of elected individuals who oversee government affairs. In comparison to European countries, the United States has fewer women in parliament. Although the United States is a more developed country, the majority of parliament is still male-dominated in comparison to European countries.

Choice E is correct. Cultural revivals are attempts by indigenous people to rekindle or bolster their culture in an effort to keep it from disappearing as a result of forced assimilation. For example, Native American groups such as the Oijibwe in the Upper Midwest have revitalized their language through immersion programs in schools.

Choice A is the correct answer choice. Some religions, such as Islam, forbid the consumption of alcoholic beverages. Islam is concentrated in North Africa and the Middle East. Maps of alcohol consumption reflect this fact. A map of pork production or consumption would have a similar spatial distribution, due to Jewish and Islamic food restrictions. The social implications of religion on alcohol consumption and pork production produce an imprint on the cultural landscape, exhibited through low sales and consumption of these goods.

The correct answer is Choice E.. All images show the imprint of human activity on earth! A is a common distractor because it depicts the physical landscape. However, terrace farming is a process that humans have created so they can farm mountainous regions. Thus, humans modified the environment.

The correct answer is Choice D. A minaret is an architectural feature of a mosque and is associated with Islam, not Taoism.

Shrines for Hinduism

Mosque for Islam

Synagogue for Judaism

Choice A is the correct answer choice. Contagious diseases spread from person to person; contagious diffusion relies on person-to-person contact to spread a thought, idea, concept, or way of life. Buddhism was spread by missionaries, monks, and businessmen traveling eastward -- people who brought their religious beliefs with them to their new countries or neighborhoods.

Choice A is correct. Relocation diffusion occurs through migration

Choice A is the correct answer choice. Judaism originated in the middle east, and there are still a lot of Jew living in Israel, but there is also a large number living in the United States. About 40% live in the United States in Isreal and 5% in the following in the following countries: France, Canada, United Kingdom, Russia, and Argentina. The Jewish people have scattered across the world (the diaspora) due to persecution in other countries.

Choice C is correct. Each answer selection tells one part of the story of the diffusion of Christianity, but the question asks about the original worldwide diffusion, which took place during the era of colonialism. After Jesus’s death, the apostle Paul was noted for the diffusion around the middle east.

After the fall of the Roman Empire, Christianity diffused to Europe. But it spread worldwide with colonialism. Events thereafter, such as United States Imperialism, only reinforced the diffusion that already took place.

The correct answer choice is E. All images show the imprint of human activity on earth!

Choice A is the correct answer. Relocation diffusion occurs through migration. When missionaries travel from place to place in order to spread the beliefs of universalizing religions they are facilitating the diffusion of their particular religion. Early Christianity diffused throughout the Roman Empire through the relocation of Christian missionaries.

The correct answer choice is Choice D. A formal region is united by a shared cultural or geographic characteristic. In this map, each shaded region is defined by its dominant dialect.

Choice A is the correct answer. A dialect is a form of language that us specific to a particular region or place. Northern and Southern American English are both a collection os regional dialects. There are numerous dialects in American English, from Southern to the dialect spoken in New York to the dialect spoken the Upper Penin

Choice E is the correct answer. Religious syncretism occurs when diverse religious beliefs and practices fuse together. Santeria consists of a combination of Roman Catholicism and traditional Yoruban beliefs and customs.

Choice E is the correct answer. A linguag Franca is a common language spoken by speakers of different languages. English is the most globally diffused lingua franca. The majority of Israelis speak Hebrew as their first language. The country’s Palestinian minority mostly speaks Arabic as a first language. Until 2018, both had official language status, but now Hebrew is the country’s official language. Many Israelis also speak English and English is a common lingua franca in the country. Additionally, English is commonly studied as a second language globally, and many tourists who do not understand Hebrew or Arabic can read signs written in English.

Jerusalem is one of the oldest cities in the world and was founded well before the formation of modern-day English.

Choice D is the correct answer. English and Spanish do not belong to the same language branch. English and Spanish are both members of the Indo-European language family, but English is a member of the Germanic language branch and Spanish is a member of the Romance language branch.

Choice C is the correct answer choice. The Hindu cultural landscape consists of numerous shrines of various shapes and sizes. Designed not to disrupt the physical environment, shrines are often built in comfortable places such as under a tree. Since Hindus believe gods are near water, they are often located on bodies of water. Thus, it is no wonder that one of the most sacred sites in Hinduism is the Ganges River and the cities and shrines on it. Hindus make pilgrimage to this sacred site to perform bathing rituals.

Choice D is the correct answer. Acculteration occurs when the minority group adopts the culture of the majority group, bust still retains some cultural practices and traditions form their original culture. The

Choice C is the correct answer. Philippines is an example of a fragmented state. A fragmented state can be best describes as scattered into islands. This type of state morphology has problems with trade, travel, and communication. Additionally, most fragmented state morphologies have different ethnic groups living within them causing increase ethnic tensions. (Compact states look closer to a circle, elongated states look elongated, proupted state has a pan handle at the top, and a Perforated state that is surrounded by another country and is landlocked.)

Choice B is the correct answer choice. A forward capital is when a country moves its capital city for economic or political reasons. In 1961, Brazil moved its capital form the coastal city of Rio de Janiero to Brasillia to both ease overcrowding of the coastal regions and to encourage movement to and the development to and the development of the interior. Another example would be Nigeria moving its capital form the very crowded Lagos to the planned city of Abuja in the interior. This location was better suited to represent all of the different ethnicities that make up Nigeria.

A choke point is a narrow transit route, such as a strait, valley or tunnel. This is important in both military strategy and commercial shipping. Because the Straight of Hormuz is very narrow, its shipping lanes are also narrow. This makes it vulnerable to a potential blockade, closure or attack.

Answer D is the best answer. At its peak, the British Empire controlled many strategic points along the Eurasian coastline, allowing it to control the sea lanes vital to existence. At the mouth of the Mediterranean Sea, Britain controlled the island Gibraltar, ensuring safe passage for its ships. This was the area focused on in the rimland theory.

For many years, the British controlled the Suez Canal, ensuring a fast passage to its Crown Jewel, India. The British Empire controlled most of the ports along the India Ocean and even controlled the vital passageway from the Indian Ocean to the Pacific with the Malay Peninsula and the port of Singapore.

Starting in 1836, the British also controlled the port of Hong Kong along the Eurasian mainland. Though the British empire never fully controlled the entire world, they controlled enough -- and had enough wealth, power, and colonial holdings -- to prove this theory correct.

Mikhail Gorbachev took control of the Soviet Union in 1985. Due to his reforms within the Soviet Union and decision not to control the satellite states through military intervention, the communist dictatorships that governed the region began to fall.

In 1991, the Soviet states were given greater autonomy. Later in 1991, the SOviet Union was dissolved, therefore ending the Cold War tensions between the Soviet Union and the United States.

Geopolitics considers ech of the four answer selections. It combines the locational. environmental, and territorial considerations involved in international relationships.

In short, it helps us to understand how space impacts international politics and vise versa.

During the Cold War, the United States wanted to limit the influence of the Soviet Union throughout the world and contain the spread of communism.

The Domino Theory was the belief that if one country in a region became communist then the surrounding countries would "fall like dominoes”and become communist as well. This theory, and the attempt to contain communism, was used to justify U.S. involvement in Asia (Vietnam) and Central America (Nicaragua).

Choice B is the correct answer choice. In 2014, the citizens of Scotland had an election in which they chose whether or not to remain part of the United Kingdom. Scottish nationalists created many pro-separatist posters and slogans like the one used in thsi question. This shows that there were many centrifugal forces (the sort that would cause a country to break apart) at work. The measure failed, but it us still a great example of devolution: the presence of forces that weaken the unity of a state.

The correct answer is CHoice A. A consequent boundary roughly follows cultural (linguistic, ethnic and/or religious) patterns of settlement. The boundary between Sudan and South Sudan was created in 2011 after a civil war in the former larger country of Sudan. After this war, the predominately Muslim and Arab north became the country of Sudan and the predominantly Christian and Dinka or Nuer south became the country of South Sudan. Therefore, the boundary between these two countries now follows ethnic and cultural patterns. While you do not need to be familiar with the history of every border in the worlds, this border and conflict are mentioned in the College Boards Course Description, which means that you should have some background knowledge about this particular border.

The correct answer is Choice D. An exclave is a portion of a country that is separated from the mainland by land or sea. For example, state of Alaska is an exclave of the United States as the country of Canada separates it from the rest of the U.S. Gibraltar, which borders Spain and the Mediterranean Sea, is an exclave of the United Kingdom.

Choice C is the correct answer choice. Since the 1947 partition of India, the location of the northwest boundary between India and Pakistan, as well as sovereignty over Kashmir, has never been fully established.

There has been conflict over this disputed territory ever since, and the two countries have fought three wars over this region, Since 1972, Pakistan and India have maintained a “line of control” in the region. In addition to the external conflict, these countries suffer other internal struggles too.

Choice A is the correct answer choice. Though the balkanization of Yugoslavia created many stable nation states, the region of Kosovo within Serbia struggles for its self-determination. Kosovo was home to Muslim Albanians, who sought self-determination from their Serbian Orthodox neighbors.

Kosovo declared its independence from Serbia in 2008. The United States and most European countries have recognized Kosovo’s sovereignty.

Serbia, Spain, Slovenia, Russia, and Cyprus have disputed Kosovo’s independence. Until it is recognized as a country and a member nation of the UN, its sovereignty will remain disputed.

Choice E is the correct answer choice.

(Centrifugal forces, devolution, nationalism)

Northern Ireland is just short of the 30-year anniversary of its civil war, nicknamed “The Troubles.” During The Troubles, thousands were injured and approximately 3,000 killed. The conflict had its roots in tension between the Irish and British, dating back to the 1300s. This tension became violent in the 1960s, when the govt of Northern Ireland had to decide whether to join Ireland, a country that had separated from the UK, or remain a part of the United Kingdom.

The political party that wanted to remain with the United Kingdom represented majority of Northern Ireland’s population, which was culturally distinct form the minority. The majority practiced Protestant Christianity, while the minority associated more with Irish culture. They were Catholic, they supported the Gaelic language revival, and they often felt discriminated against by the majority. Thus, when the decision was made for Northern Ireland to remain a part of the UK, the dispute became violent. In an effort to squelch the violence to remain a part of the UK, the British got involved. So did organizations like the Irish Republic Army or IRA, which was considered a terrorist group for its tendency to use bombs to achieve its aims.

While the conflict was political at heart, the division that exists today is tied to the religious identities of Catholics and Protestants. The peace walls separate the Catholic neighborhoods from the Protestants. Therefore the walls represent both social and political divisions between the groups.

In other parts of the world, boundaries are drawn for economic segregation (creating “slums”) or to maintain rights over natural resources.

Choice C is the correct answer. The map depicts territorial claims in the South China Sea. China asserts that all areas within the “nin-dash-line” are part of its historical territory and within its control. Meanwhile, other countries, such as Vietnam, assert that the legitimate territorial boundaries in the South China Sea are governed by the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS). This is a conflict over which governments control which areas of the world. In other words, it is a conflict of territorial sovereignty.

Choice B is the correct answer. The boundary between the United States and Canada is a straight-line, geometric boundary that separates two states. The Canada/U.S. border runs along the 49th parallel and cuts through various features of the physical landscape.

Choice D is the correct answer choice. Kenya is a compact state. Compact states are round and ideally have a centralized capital. Compact states can have more efficient transportation and communication system. A compact states shape does not correlate to homogenous ethnicity, language or religion.

Compact states are circle-shaped and ideally have a central capital. The compact shape allows for efficiency in communication and transportation networks, which are a centripetal force (i.e. they bring a country closer together, unifying it rather than fragmenting it.)

However, small compact countries are just as likely as any others to feature diverse ethnicities, languages, and religions as other small states, Therefore, a compact country will not necessarily be peaceful. This eliminates Choice A.

As for choice B, a compact states is not necessarily more likely to have more centripetal forces; as many African countries (such as Rawanda) are compact, but multiple factors -- such as different ethnicities, languages etc -- are not necessarily guaranteed. This was illustrated rather horribly during the 1994 Rwandan genocide, during which one group of Rwandans (the Hutu majority) indiscriminately slaughtered their neighbors and fellow Rwandans (the minority Tutsis).

A prorupted state has a compact shape with a large extension or arm (in the US they are commonly called panhandles). The extension may be to access a resource or to provide a buffer between other states.

Examples of prorupted states are Cameron in Africa (engineered to provide sea access), and Thailand (natural shape).

Choice B is the correct answer choice. An enclave is in the difficult position of being completely surrounded by one other country. For example, Lesotho is completely dependent on South Africa because South Africa could cut off all means of trade and travel in and out of Lesotho if it so chooses.

By definition, enclaves are landlocked states. The only enclaves are Vatican City, Lesotho, and San Marino.

Given that Alaska and Hawaii are not connected to the mainland, the United States is fragmented. Other examples of fragmented states include Indonesia and the United Kingdom -- countries where the landmass is not contagious.

Compact states tend to look like perfect squares or circles. Prorupted states have a square or circle core with a long extension. Elongated states look like long rectangles. Perforated states completely surround other states. If the state they surround has no access to a seaport, then that state is considered landlocked.

Choice D is the correct answer choice. A perforated state is a state that completely surrounds another country. On the map, South Africa is the best example of a perforated states because it envelopes Lesotho.

The correct answer is choice B. Prorupted states are best described as states with an arm or “protrusion” sticking out. In the United States, these are more commonly known as panhandles.

Most proruptions are designed so that the country can gain access to resources, like Cameron getting a small coastline of Lake Chad.

Other prorupted countries include Thailand and Nambia. The Democratic Republic of Congo’s proruption gives it a small coastline on the Atlantic.

Geopolitics is the intersection of geography and politics. it is the

During the Cold War, the United States wanted to limit the influence of the Soviet Union throughout the world and contain the spread of communism.

The Domino Theory was the belief that is one country in a region became communist then the surrounding countries would “fall like dominoes” and become communist then the surrounding countries would “ fall like dominoes” and become communist as well. This theory, and the attempt to contain communism, was used to justify U.S. involvement in Asia (Vietnam) and Central America (Nicaragua).

Choice C is the correct answer choice. Greeks are the majority and the Turks are the minority ethnicity on the island of Cyprus. The 1960 Constitution of Cyprus guaranteed the Turkish minority representation in the govt. However, in 1974 Greek Cypriot military officers seized control of the government with the intention of unifying with Greece. The movement was put down and the rightful govt restored. Since the coup, the coup, the Turk Cypriots have been protected by the Turkish army. The United Nations patrols the buffer zone between the nationalities.

Choice C is the correct answer choice. Puerto Rican statehood is the best example of devolution, or the transfer of power to lower levels, as it would take the administrative power of the federal government and apply it to the new state.

The best answer choice is B. France controlled many parts of northern Africa during this time

Choice D is the correct answer. Gerrymandering is the practice of redrawing districts with the intent of benefiting a specific political party or group. In the United States, congressional districts are usually redrawn by the political party in control of the state legislature, although some states use independent commissions in an effort to reduce bias in the redistricting process. As can be seen in the map above, the borders of congressional districts are often oddly shaped because politicians want to create districts that contain enough voters to win at least a majority of the votes in upcoming and future elections

Congressional seats are allocated to each state based on census results, followed by the redrawing of district boundaries by state legislators

Choice B is the correct answer choice. A forward capital is when a country moves its capital city for political reasons. In 1962, Brazil moved its capital from the coastal city of Rio de Janeiro to Brasilia to both ease overcrowding of the coastal regions and to encourage movement to and the development of the interior. Another example would be Nigeria moving its capital from the very crowded Lagos to the planned city of Abuja in the interior. This location was better suited to represent all of the different ethnicities that make up Nigeria.

Geopolitics is the intersection of geography and politics. It is the investigation into how states can control territory and shape international politics and foreign policy. The Heartland and Rimland Theories are among the best-known theories in the field of geopolitics.

Sir Halford J. Mackinder (1861-1947) promoted the idea that the country who controlled the largest lan mass would control

Extensive agriculture takes place on larger, less expensive land further away from urban areas. Types of agriculture on this land could include fruit and vegetable growing, and dairying.

The correct answer is CHoice B. All farmers still have to worry about soil quality, but because land plots in extensive agricultural areas are larger and cheaper, they do not have to worry as much about soil quality as farmers closer to the city, whose plots are smaller and more expensive. Farmers in intensive agricultural areas have more to love if they compromise their soil quality.

Choice E is the correct answer. Plantation agriculture is a form of intensive farming. Intensive farming uses large amounts of labor, examples of intensive farming are bananas, coconuts, coffee, and cocoa. Unlike intensive farming, extensive agriculture uses fewer labor inputs and is practiced on a large plot of land.

Livestock ranching is an economic activity that requires thousands of acres for young cattle or sheep to graze love. Once they are large enough, they are shipped to feed at farms or feedlots, located near slaughterhouses.

Given this, the land quality does not need to be the most nourished and population densities need to be low. Additionally, there is little capital investment and low labor costs. therefore, the correct answer was choice C.

Shifting cultivation is also known as swidden and slash-and-burn. It is practiced in less developed countries as subsistence farming. It is practiced in tropical rainforest regions to allow natural vegetation to return; this process of abandoning the land and waiting for its nutrients to return is called fallow. The practice of shifting from one pot of land to another every few years as the nutrients in the soil become depleted is called Shifting cultivation.

The correct answer is choice B. Intensive agriculture results in a higher amount of production (yield) per unit of land. This generally involves large numbers of inputs (such as fertilizer, seeds, and pesticides). Examples of types intensive agriculture include wet-rice farming and market gardening. Market gardening is the production of fruits and vegetables, most often sold directly to restaurants and stores. This type of agriculture is considered intensive rather than extensive.

Choice E is the correct answer choice. To answer this question, you had to know what farmers in California tend to produce and sell the greatest amounts of organic commodities.

If you were interested in creating a profitable business, you would consider proximity to markets and the price of land, in comparison to the regulations that you would have to meet in order to be classified as an organic farm.

With increasing demand for organic products in the United States, you should go for it.

Choice C is the correct answer choice. Extensive agriculture uses small amounts of labor nd capital compared to the land that is being farmed. Success in this type of agriculture depends on the conditions of the land.

Typically extensive agriculture produces a lower yield per unit of land, which requires large quantities to be produced to make a profit.

Choice D is the correct answer choice. Dairying generally takes place in regions where climates are colder. It takes place mostly in the Northeast US and the Northwestern

Choice D is the correct answer choice. Dairying generally takes place in regions where climates are colder. It takes place mostly in the Northeast US and Northwestern Europe.

Choice E is the correct answer choice. Miami, Florida, is situated in a tropical savanna climate zone, known for its hot, humid temperatures and frequent rainfall. As such, you would probably not see many truck farms, since fruits and vegetables require humid temperate climates with dry summers.

Shifting Cultivation= Slash and Burn ag

The correct answer is A. Shifting cultivation describes the process whereby farmers cultivate an area of land temporarily and then move on once the soil has shown signs of exhaustion to allow the nutrients in the soil to return and move on to clear more land. This typically happens in the tropical and subtropical zone of the world, such as Brazil.

Corn = Maize

Top producers of Maize are the US, China, and Brazil

Choice D is the correct answer choice. To answer this question, you need to understand the relationship between climate and agriculture. Remember that each crop can only be grown under certain weather conditions, during specific seasons, and with varying types of coil and water quality

Californias's truck and fruit farms rely on the humid temperate climates, which typically provide the steady rains necessary for their farms to succeed. When plagued with a drought, these regions experience tremendous economic hardship since their agricultural production of fruits and vegetable relies on physical processes that are expensive to manufacture.

Used mostly in South Asia, Sub-Saharan Africa, and Western South America, intensive subsistence wet rice not-dominant (CHoice D) is the type of agriculture described in this question.

Intensive subsistence agriculture is typically used to produce rice. However, not all climate zones can sustain the irrigation needed for rice cultivation, such as that described in the question stem. That is why there is a distinction between wet rice dominant regions and wet rice not dominant zoones. Intensive crops harvested climate zones that cannot sustain major irrigation systems include those listed in the question stem.

Choice E is the best response. Nomadic herding is a form of substance farming found in developing countries. it is most often found in arid or semi-arid regions where the environment is too harsh to produce reliable crops and there is not enough foliage available to sustain a permanent settlement of raising animals. The African Sahel is a very good example of an area where most farmers practice nomadic herding.

Economies of scale describe the factors that help a firm cut costs as they produce more, whereas diseconomies of scale describe the forces that cost firms more money as they increase production.

Choice C is the correct answer choice. Economies of scale describe those factors that cause the production costs to decrease as more is produced. In agriculture, technological improvements have altered the economies of scale.

For example, with the invention of the tractor, farms could produce and sell more wheat. These changing economies of scale have made the agricultural sector more specialized.

Choice D is the correct answer choice. Even though total farm area has reminded the same over the past 100 years, the average farm size is doubling. Meanwhile, fewer people own farms.

This is largely due to corporate farming, agribusinesses, and economic development. The total area devoted to farming has remained the some over time, but corporate farms are acquiring more midsized farms and operating them under one umbrella. Think of it like this: the rural land area is a pizza. In the past, it was divided 8 ways. As a result of agribusinesses, it is not divided in half.

You might think that this means small farms are decreasing in number; however, most of the corporate farms gain their land from mid-sized farms, causing the number of very small farms to remain about the same.

Extensive agriculture takes place on larger, less expensive land farther away from urban areas. types of agriculture on this land could include livestock grazing, grain, corn or wheat growing. Intensive agriculture takes place on smaller, more expensive land closer to urban areas. Types of agriculture on this could include fruit and vegetable growing, and dairying.

The correct answer is Choice B. All farmers still have to worry about soil quality, but because land plots in extensive agricultural areas are larger and cheaper, they do not have t worry as much about soil quality as farmers closer to the city, whose plots are smaller and more expensive. Farmers in intensive agricultural areas have more to lose if they compromise their soil quality.

Choice E is the correct answer. Plantation agriculture is a form of intensive farming. intensive farming uses large amounts of labor, examples of intensive farming are bananas, coconuts, coffee, and cocoa. unlike intensive farming, extensive agriculture uses fewer labor inputs and is practiced on a large plot of land.

Livestock ranching is an economic activity that requires thousands of acres for young cattle or sheep to graze over. Once they are large enough, they are shipped to feed at farms or feedlots, located near slaughterhouses.

Given this, the land quality does not need to be the most nourished and population densities need to be low. Additionally, there is little capital investment and low labor costs. Therefore, the correct answer was Choice C.

Choice D is the correct answer choice. Dairying generally takes place in regions where climates are colder. it takes place mostly n the Northeast US and Northwestern Europe.

Choice A is the correct answer choice. Corn was one of the crops referred to as a HYV, high-yielding variety. Although it has been an important crop in US agriculture since the 18th century, it became a top crop in China and Brazil as a result of Green Revolution technologies.

Choice D is the correct answer choice. To answer this question you need to understand the relationship between climate and agriculture. Remember that each crop can only be grown under certain weather condition, during specific seasons, with varying types of soil and water quality.

California’s truck and fruit farms rely on the humid temperate climates, which typically provide the steady rains necessary for their farms to succeed. When plagued with a drought, these regions experience tremendous economic hardship since their agricultural production of fruits and vegetables relies on physical processes that are expensive to manufacture.

The African Savanna, which boasts a “savanna” classification on a climate classification map, stretches from the tropical rainforests of South America though sub- Saharan Africa and Southeast Asia.

These regions a mix of wet seasons and dry seasons. These conditions allow for diverse tropical crops. thus, the correct answer is Choice C.

Arid and semi-arid climates (Choice B) tend to be the driest and are associated with some of the world’s largest deserts, including the Saharan.

The correct answer is Choice E. Extensive agriculture involves large amounts of land and minimal labor or other inputs. Livestock ranching is a types of extensive agriculture that involves raising animals commercially on large plots of land. Areas with a lot of livestock ranching typically have dry climates and large amounts of available land. This has traditionally been practiced in Western US states such as Montana and Wyoming.

Used mostly in South Asia, Africa, and Western South America, intensive substenence wet rice not-dominant (CHoice D) is the types of agriculture described in this question.

Inensive subsistence agriculture is typically used to produce rice. However, not all climate zones can sustain the irrigation needed for rice cultivation, such as that describes in the question stem. That is why there is a distinction between wet rice dominant regions and wet rice not-dominant zones. Intensive crops harvested climate zones that cannot sustain major irrigation systems include those listed in the question stem.

Choice E is the best response. Nomadic ending is a form of substinence farming found in developing countries. It is most often found in arid or semi-arid regions where the environment is too harsh to produce reliable crops and there is not enough foilage available to sustain a permanent settlement of raising animals. The African Sahel is a very good example of an area where most farmers practice nomadic herding.

Economies of scale describe the factors that help a firm cut costs as they produce more, whereas diseconomies of scale describe the forces that cost firms more money as they increase production production.

Choices A, B, C, and D each help producers cut costs as they produce more. Therefore, every answer selection was an example of economies of sale, except for Choice E, which demonstrated diseconomies of scale.

In addition to poor communication, examples of diseconomies include coordination problems, loss of management efficiency, and low motivation of workers.

External factors, such as the rising price of inputs and poor infrastructure, can also be considered diseconomies of scale.

Choice C is the correct answer choice. Economies of scale describe those factors that cause the production costs to decrease as more is produced. In agriculture, technological improvements have altered the economies of scale.

For example, with the invention of the tractor, farms could produce and sell more wheat. these changing economies of scale have made the agricultural sector more specialized.

Choice B is the correct answer choice. Commodity chains diagram the factors of production like a flow chart. They are meant to illustrate a sequence of exchanges between agricultural agents as products are cultivated, produced, distributed and consimes.

The flow map might become more complicated along the way, where steps might follow a non-linear progression. However, commodity chains always begin with a good or service and end with a consumer.

To correctly identify the flow map, you had to identify the map that categorized information ina sequence of cause-and-effect events. the first image organizes information around one central concept. In sum, commodity chains rely on cause-and-effect flow of information.

Choice is the correct answer choice. Even though total farm area has remained the same over the past 100 years, the average farm size is doubling. Meanwhile, fewer people own farms.

This si largely due to corporate farming, agribusiness, and economic development. The total area devoted to farming has remained the same over time, but corporate farms are acquiring more midsized farms and operating them under one umbrella. Think of it like this: the rural land area is a pizza. In the past it was divided eight ways. As a result of agribusiness it is now divided in half.

You might think that this means small farms are decreasing in number; however, most of the corporate farms gain their land from mid-sized farms, causing the number of very small farms to remained about the same.

The correct answer is Choice A. The township and range system was used to survey and divide many areas of land in the US east of the Appalachian mountains. it is particularly common in the Midwest and is recognizable because of its regular geometric pattern.

Choice E is he best response because there has actually been a decrease in the number of farmers growing both crops and livestock in the American Midwest. Because of the increased number of cattle feedlots, these Midwestern farmers, who generations ago were able to raise crops to feed their livestock and then make money selling their cattle to stockyards, are being forced out of the cattle industry, and their focus now growing feed corn to sell to the newly expanding cattle feedlots.

Choice C is the best response. Although there are some intensive commercial agriculture practices, there are also extensive commercial agriculture practices (for example, grain farming, and livestock ranching).

The correct answer is choice C. Substinence farming means that farmers typically grow food only to feed themselves and their families. Therefore, protecting the only true assets they posses, livestock and crops, is of the utmost importance.

Choice D is the correct answer because intensive subsistence agriculture mostly relies on the use of animals or pure man power. Intensive is used to describe how hard farmers work to cultivate a plot of land. Subsistence agriculture is mostly found in developing countries and practiced by farmers who provide mostly for themselves and their families not larger populations.

Choice B is correct. Because of the heavy precipitation and rapid decomposition rates in tropical rainforests shifting cultivation has proven to be the most sustainable form of agriculture there.

Choice E is correct. Without measuring the areas it can be seen that the three rice growing regions comprise a much greater area than that of any other crop type. this si consistent with the fact that because rice is so important in the diets and cultures of Asian countries that most of them attempt to grow their own supply rather than import it.

Choice D is the correct answer. intensive farming is a type of agriculture that requires a high amount of inputs, including labor and/or machinery. In this example, a large number of laborers are required to harvest the corn by hand. Most corn farmers in developed countries like the US also incorporate advance machinery to help during the harvesting season.

Choice C is the correct answer. Dairy farming is a form of intensive commercial agriculture because it requires large inputs of labor and machinery. Dairy cows are milked on a daily basis, which requires a significant amount of manpower - either to milk the cow manually or to operate the milking machine as shown in the image. Other tasks on a dairy farm that requires labor include feeding the cows, maintaining the machinery, and cleaning up the animal waste each day.

Chocie D is the correct answer. Bid-rent theory argues that the price of and increases closer to the market. In agriculture, this usually results in more extensive agriculture taking place farther away from the market. Extensive agriculture such as livestock ranching and large-scale grain farming require huge plots of land, and thus would be more difficult for farmers to practice closer to the market. Land is more scarce closer to the market, result in higher land costs.

Choice D is the correct answer choice. The improvements in transportation which helped perishable goods reach markets more efficiently is associated with he Second agricultural Revolution which coincided with invention and enhancements of the Industrial revolution era. Many developing countries are still considered to the in the Second Agricultural revolution.

Dependency theorists view the Green Revolution as another contributing factor to class disparities, widening the gap between the rich and the poor.

Since poor farmers must buy high-yield seeds from industry partners, they depend on these partners and the seeds. This might cause small farmers to go into debt or lose their farmland if the crop does not yield the desired results.

The distractors may be a criticism of the Green Revolution, but not one that relies on wealth distribution, which is the main argument of dependency theorists.

The correct answer is CHoice A> Neo-Malthusians built upon the arguments of Thomas Malthus with the idea that population growth will exceed our available resources. Even though the Green revolution led to significant increases in food production, neo-Malthusians would likely argue that the increased dependence on non-renewable energy sources, such as oil, would become unsustainable as populations continued to increase.

Choice D is the correct answer choice. Chemicals in herbicides and pesticides prevented diseases and helped control weeds. Critics of the increased use of chemicals in the developing world argue that this has led to significant environmental damage and erosion.

Choice C is the correct answer. The Green revolution began in the mid-20th century and is known for its higher yield crops, genetically modified organisms (GMOs), increased use of fertilizers, pesticides and reducing famine in Asia and Latin AMerica. Although the Green revolution was a success in reducing famine in Asia, and Latin America, it failed in Africa. Afric was mostly left out of the Green Revolution because it was unable to consider small farmers’ ability to pay for pricey fertilizers, pesticides, and machinery.

Choice D is correct. The Green Revolution began with the invention of high-yield variety seeds, for crops such as wheat, rice, and maize. These are also called cereal grains. Additionally, the Green Revolution introduced the use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides, which resulted in increased production.

Choice A is correct. ALthough there were environmental and social consequences no one can deny the hybrid varieties of rice that were planted in India out performed the traditional one in terms of crude caloric content.

Choice A is correct. After winning the Nobel Peace Prize, Bourlag recognized how rarely the prize is given for work on food production, yet how vital it is for world peace, so he helped establish the Food Prize to honor scientists like himself who worked toward solving world hunger.

AnswerChoice B is correct. Although his contribution wasn’t technological or industrial, Burbank’s plant creations (like the russet potato) lent themselves to large-scale market production that characterized the second agricultural revolution.

Answer choice B is correct. The development of ammonium nitrate provided agriculture with a solution for what had been soil’s most limiting nutritional factor. With inexpensive fossil fuels to provide heat the nitrate can be produced from abundant free atmospheric nitrogen and applied easily to extensive acreages.

Choice A is the correct answer. During the Second Agricultural Revolution more people began to live in urban areas thus for the first time in US history more people lived in cities and urban areas as opposed to rural areas and farmland.

Choice E is the correct answer. The overall number of farms decreased during the Second Agricultural Revolution as a result of new methods and technologies reducing the need for extra human labor. New and improved tools such as the steel plow, seed drill, and threshing machine allow a smaller number of farmers to plant and harvest larger amounts of crops. As a result, many small farmers sold their lands and relocated to urban areas to work in factories. Hybrid seeds developed by scientists in core countries were introduced to farmers throughout the world as a part of the Third Agricultural Revolution.

Choice B is the correct answer because wet rice is cultivated on flat land, not uneven land. It must be flat in order to flood the fields. Hillsides are used but they must be terraced in order to properly cultivate the rice.

Choice A is the correct answer choice. Plants and animals have their own hearths, or origins of destinations. The correct pairing on this list was the Goats in the Zagros Mountains (Modern day Iran and Turkey).

The other hearths are as follows: Alpaca and South America, Chicken and Southeast Asia, Silkworm and East Asia, Horse and Central Asia.

It is important to understand the animal and plant hearths because these help us explain modern patterns of food consumption and production. For example, goat is the fourth most-consumed meat on the global market yet it is consumed more in regions closest to its hearth. This explains why you would be more likely to see goat at a Persian or Turkish restaurant than an American one!

Choice C is the correct answer choice. The “fertile crescent” describes the region in Southwest Asia (the Middle East), whose crescent shape extends from Upper Egypt, through the Levant, and in between the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers of Mesopotamia.

Some of the earliest civilizations thrived in the Fertile Crescent as a result of a a good water supply and technological advances in agriculture.

The correct answer is Choice B. According to the World Bank, there are .06 hectares of arable land per land per person in Japan. This places Japan in the group of countries with the highest population density and least amount of arable land.

Given this permanent geographic factor of relatively little land to grow crops on, it makes sense that homes would be closer together to maximize the amount of fertile land.

The correct answer is Choice D. A culture complex is a group of traits that define a particular culture. French nationalism is a good example of cultural complex because the patriotism that the French demonstrate for their country uniquely defines French culture.

Choice D is the best answer. At its peak, the British Empire controlled many strategic points along the Eurasian coastline, allowing it to control the sea lanes vital to existence. At the mouth of the Mediterranean Sea, Britain controlled the island of Gibraltar, ensuring safe passage for its ships. This was the area focused on in the rimland theory.

For many years, the British controlled the Suez Canal, ensuring a fast passage to its Crown Jewl, India. The British Empire controlled most of the ports along the India Ocean and even controlled the vital passageway from the Indian Ocean to the Pacific with the Malay Peninsula and the report of Singapore.

Starting in 1836, the British also controlled the port of Hong Kong along the Eurasian mainland. Though the British empire never fully controlled the entire world, they controlled enough -- and has enough wealth, power, and colonial holdings -- to prove this theory correct.

Choice D is the correct answer. The map shows 60-90 percent of Vietnam’s labor force is employed in agriculture. Since Vietnam is a developing country, and women usually make up a large percentage of agricultural labor in these countries, one can assume a large number of women work on sustenance and commercial farm within the country.

Choice C is the correct answer. Developed countries have a larger share of their population employed in the tertiary sector of the economy, with fewer working in the primary and secondary sectors. The tertiary sector is made up of service-related jobs, many of which require special skills, post-secondary education, and other professional training.

While a very small number of women work directly on farms in the primary sector, a much larger percentage become employed in tertiary jobs that fall under the umbrella of modern agribusiness. Some examples of these jobs would be research and development of agrichemicals, sales and marketing of agricultural goods, and agricultural engineering.

The UN Food and Agricultural Organization defines the “feminization of agriculture” as the growing dominance of women in agricultural production and the decrease of men in the sector.

The correct answer is Choice D. The increased feminization of agriculture generally results from an increased movement of men out of agricultural work rather than from advances in opportunities for women. Often, men will leave rural areas in search of higher paying work elsewhere. With that out-migration of males, women often are charged with more responsibility for the family’s food security. This could men growing more food for household consumption, for sale, or growing cash crop in addition to subsistence crops.

Chocie E is the correct answer choice… California has the largest population of any state. In 2010 the U.S. Census Bureau counted 37,253,956 inhabitants.

Agglomeration in this context is defined as industries with similar activities locating their operations in the same area. In agribusiness and food-processing industries, many disparate business offer complementary services or equipment to one another.

California is also commonly referred to as the world’s breadbasket. This refers to their enormous agricultural productivity. Almost all of the land in the San Joaquin valley in California is under cultivation and Americans around the country consume many food products that originated AND may have been processed in California. Many processed foods are exported as well.

There are many other areas in the United States with agglomerations of food-processing industries, California just happens to be the largest because of those two primary factors. Additional factors there or elsewhere include access to water, labor, infrastructure, transportation routes, and flexibility for expansion.

The current drought and trend of out-migration in California, changing demographics in other parts of the country, and the new agricultural frontiers are some examples of factors that could potentially move California from its top spot. However, as long as it has the largest market and most raw materials, it remains firmly in first place.

The correct answer choice is Choice D. Value-added agriculture can simply be defined as food or drink items that have more value than just the raw farm product. There is a considerable amount of value added in the process of converting grapes into marketable wine. You also need large metropoitan areas in the state with many wine consumers, which Texas has. this is a rural development strategy that many areas in Texas and other states have tried.

Additionally, being made within the state or being “local” adds to the value and attrctiveness of the wine as well. The chance that wine production will have a strong consumer base is high. Texas A & M, a large public university, ranks the soil and climate conditions in Mason county as some of the best in the state fr wine production.

Also, the marketing and trendiness of “going local” is a big draw. Many people have leisure income to afford value-added specialty products so the viticulture program is also linked to the poeple’s ability to afford such items.

Choice C is the correct answer choice. Fair trade is an alternative approach to Indutrial trade and it emphasizes smaller, worker-owned businesses and coopertives. it insists that employers pay workers fair wages, permit union organizing, and comply with minimum environmental safety hazards.

Fair trade organizations are mostly found in developing countries, and profits made by these small businesses are directly invested into the local economy which helps development.

Choice E is the best answer. The best location for a call center would be the one that has the lowest land and labor costs, but with a reasonably-sized population and suitable infrastructure. Many companies locate their call centers in the southern states such as Arkansas for this reason.

Footloose occupations and industries are increasing every year, not only in the United States but worldwide. With ever-growing technologies, work and products can be shared instantaneously from all around the world, so there is no need to have all workers gathered in one area. If “face to face” meetings are needed, they can easily be done with Skype or any one of numerous virtual meeting applications.

The research triangle is a region of North Carolina that contains a disproportionately high number of research and development facilities. This is due in large part to the presence of the University of North Carolina, Duke University, and North Carolina State.

It is important to understand that industries more often than not display spatial patterns, rather than being located randomly. Typical factors determining the location of a business are labor source, raw material source, and the market (i.e. who they are selling to).

Transportation links are also an important factor as this impacts costs to the business. In the case of the Research Triangle, many businesses involved research and development, such as pharmaceuticals, have located in this region to draw upon the talent at the above universities. Graduates sometimes stay close to the university from which they graduated, and employers are keen to locate close by, with the hope of hiring them.

When trying to open a new fast food restaurant, data is needed to find the best location. The data needed to help locate the optimal location would have to do with the customers that would frequent the restaurant, average income of the area, and locating land for a location.

Choice B is correct. Census data is the best way to gather information on the type of people who live in a given area. It can show population, average annual income, gender, ethnicity, and race. Census data is a formal way to collect quantitative data and can be used to calculate or approximate numbers, which would be considered objective data.

Choice A, C, D are all incorrect. Informal observations and interviews would be used to collect qualitative data as well. This data could also be skewed or one-sided depending on what was being observed and or interviewed.

Choie E is incorrect. Experiments would not be the best choice of data collection method to determine a location for a fast food restaurant because it would not give you quantitative data.

Choice D is the correct response because Global Positioning Systems are used to identify a specific point on the Earth’s surface by way of longitude and latitude. Together, these provide a set of coordinates that identify the absolute location of a place.

Choice B is the best response. Geospatial data is, by its definition, location-based. Geospatial data describes th location of spatial features such as highways, tracts of land, and soil types.

Choice C is the correct answer. Global positioning system (GPS) technology uses satellite signals to determine the absolute locations of places on the earth’s surface. Although GPS was originally developed and used by the U.S. military, it is now commonly used by consumers to find the locations of residential and commercial places. In this example, the high school graduate uses her smartphone as a GPS receiver to determine directions to the location of her new college.

Choice A is the correct answer. Farmers in developed countries has increasingly used advanced remote sensing technologies to improve agricultural practices. Satellite images can serve multiple purposes on modern farms, including estimating crop production, measuring rainfall to improve irrigation practices, and providing other site-specific management data.

Relative location is the situational location of a plce as it relates to other places.

ChoiceC B is the correct answer. A population map would help a geographer determine where to draw boundaries. This type of map would show a geographer where there are large concentrations of people and where people are sparsely settled.

The goals of a geographer would be to draw districts with 1 relatively equal numbers of people and 2 districts with compact shapes. A population density map would give a geographer basic information to start to spatially organize new districts.

Redistricting is not an easy process, political elements can come into pay. When political parties draw new boundaries after a census they seek to create districts where they can continue to maintain control and lessen the influence of the other political party. This is called gerrymandering.

When trying to open a new fast food restaurant, data is needed to find the best location. The data needed to help locate the optimal location would have to do with the customers that would frequent the restaurant, average annual income of the area, and locating land for location.

Choice B is correct. Census data is the best way to gather information on the type of people who live in a given area. It can show population, average income, gender, ethnicity, and race. Census data is a formal way to collect quantitative data and can be used to calculate actual or approximate numbers, which would be considered objective data.

Choice C is correct because Global Positioning System (GPS) consists of 24 satellites in the sky that can pinpoint a person’s exact location on Earth. Navigation is the process of moving from one place on earth to another place so GPS makes it much easier to navigate because it can locate exact positions on Earth.

Choice A is the correct answer. Time-space compression is defined as decrease in “time distance” between locations as a result of improved methods of communication and transportation. Technologies such as cell phones, the internet, moto vehicles, and airplanes all decrease the amount of time it requires to travel and/or communicate between two locations. As the world has become more globalized, the demand for international airports has increased, and thus the time it requires to travel globally has gone down significantly.

Choice B is the correct answer. Most human geographers agree that there are three main components to sustainable agriculture which are: 1) sensitive land management, 2) limited use of chemicals, and 3) increased integration of crops and livestock. Ridge tillage (Choice B) is a form of sensitive land management.

Choice D is the correct answer. Possiblism is the theory that the physical environment may set limits on human actions, but humans have the ability to overcome these limits. The creation of air conditioning has enabled the establishment of human settlements in locations where temperatures are extremely hot, like the Sun Belt. This is an example of possibilism.

Choice D is the correct answer. Scale of analysis is used when geographers want to analyze the impact of a phenomenon, like the establishment of a free trade agreement, at different levels of aggregation. This allows geographers to develop a more thorough understanding of how events and occurrences impact people and places at different levels.

Choice D is the correct answer. The map scale in this example is national, since it’s showing the entire country of the United States, but the scale of analysis is sub-national (not national or country) since the immigration data is being analyzed within the borders of the 50 individual states.

Choice D is the correct answer. Possibilism is the theory that the physical environment may set limits on human actions, but humans have the ability to overcome these limits. The creation of air conditioning has enabled the establishment of human settlements in locations where temperature are extremely hot, like the Sun Belt. This is an example of possibilism.

Choice D is the correct answer choice. New York City was named in 1664 by the government of England, when they took control of the area from the Dutch. It was previously named New Amsterdam.

Later, England would form a union with Scotland, to become Great Britain. The official naming of New York was an example of the regionalization process because the settlement became a formal region at that point.

The correct answer is Choice B. The Bible Belt is so named because of the presence of a predominantly evangelical Prodestant population. This would include Southern Baptists, for example. Because the region’s borders are not clearly defined and many vary from person to person, this is a good example of a “vernacuar region.” Another name for appear on the AP test. The Bible Belt is thought for associated with a certain type of Christianity (although of course other people live there) and thus it is a perceptual region.

Iowa, Illinois, Nebraska, and Minnesota are at the heart of the Corn Belt and together account for more than half of the corn grown in the United States, invalidating Choices A’ through

The correct answer choice E. The centralized location allows easy access for trade, mobilization of the military, and protection from threats because the city is located in the center f the country. The Spanish government can send out communication quickly, defense, and aid quickly.

Choice B is the correct answer choice. Site refers to the physical and environmental characteristics of a place. In this case, the site of NYC would be that it is a natural harbor with easy water access.