The Gibbs energy at equilibrium::Delta G = Delta G at standard conditions + RTlnK

The Gibbs energy::Delta G at standard conditions = Delta G + RTlnQ

• G is the overall free energy change between actual starting chemical potentials of all components and equilibrium.

• Q is actual starting conditions

Coupled reactions

• Coupled reaction makes an unfavorable reaction favorable

• Many biological processes are endergonic (the physiological mass action ratio > equilibrium mass action ratio)

• A reaction that wants to reverse can move forward by:

  • Free energy coupling::Add delta G values of coupled processes

  • Removal of products