Biography

• 1875 - 1961

• Very metaphysical

• At a young age, he turned from reason to his dreams, visions, and fantasies

• At critical times, Jung resolved problems and made decisions based on what his unconscious told him through his dreams

• Became interested in Freud’s work in 1900 when he read “The Interpretation of Dreams”

• While a follower of Freud, he was never an uncritical one

• Originally trained with Freud

• Broke from Freudian analysis

• EVENT: Freud and Jung analyzed each others’ dreams

  • Freud showed resistance to Jung’s analysis

  • Freud stopped, saying he would lose authority

• Felt Freud overemphasized sexual aspects

• Experience with developing sciences of Anthropology and Sociology

• Spent time living in different cultures

Major Theories

• Focused on the unconscious and conscious mind … he believed that the unconscious played more of a role in controlling our thought process (especially during dreaming)

• The collective unconscious was also more dominant factor in the development of human personality

  • Behavior -> Ancestor

Introduction – Basic Principles

• Psychic Energy

  • Libido

  • Contrary to Freud’s sexual energy

• Principle of Opposites

  • Our personality consists of opposing/competing forces that we strive to balance

  • Ex. Conscious vs Unconscious

  • Ex. Introversion vs. Extraversion

  • Opposition (conflict) creates energy

    • Propels movement forward

  • One force comes with an opposing force

  • Libido drives but more holistic

  • Experience rather than biological

  • More spiritual ideas

  • Transcends biological needs

• Principle of Equivalence

  • Energy created by opposites is given to both sides equally

  • Each pair in opposite has = amounts of energy

  • Increase in one area pulls energy from other area

  • Too much on one side:

    • May spur growth/create problems

    • Complex is said to develop

  • One are diminished -> will go to other areas

• Principle of Entropy

  • Tendency for opposites to come together – be less extreme opposites

  • When younger, degree of opposites tends to be extreme

  • As one grows, able to tolerate differences/opposites (doesn’t have to be one or the other – can be both)

  • We strive toward balancing the opposites

    • Natural tendency for growth

    • Balance -> not free of conflict

    • Individuation: term used for goal of unity of our personality (unification of opposing forces into whole)

  • Extreme opposites -> tendency to find balance

Core Concepts

Ego

• Conscious mind

• Center of consciousness

• Characterized by one dominant attitude (introversion/extraversion)

  • Determines perception of and reaction to environment

• Characterized by 2 functions:

  • Thinking/Feeling: rational, logical

  • Sensing/Intuiting: based on experiences

Personal Unconscious

• Similar to Freud’s conception of preconscious and unconscious

• Contains memories that can be recalled as well as those that have been repressed

• Complex: cluster of emotionally-charged memories that influence behavior

  • Arise from need to adapt and inability to meet that need/challenge

  • Develop over time

  • Identified through word association tests

    • Ex. Mother complex, guilt complex, hero complex

Collective Unconscious

• Psychological residue of man’s ancestral past

  • Reservoir of mankind’s experiences as species

  • accumulated memories of mankind’s experiences

  • Seen in themes and symbols in cultures (why we respond to them):

    • Parallels in myths, fairy tales, literature, art, etc.

    • Dreams

    • Deja vu experiences

    • Near death experiences

  • Passed on unconsciously

  • Shared

Archetypes

• Inherited predisposition to experience things in certain ways

• “Symbols” for significant disposition

• A way to understand a “role”

• Transcends culture

• More like an emotion

• Jung described them as “thought-forms” -> implied as much feeling as thought

• Experience archetypes as emotions associated with significant life events such as birth, adolescence, marriage, and death or with extreme reactions to danger

• Jung found common archetypal symbols in cultures that were so widely separated in time and location that there was no possibility of direct influence

Additional Archetypes

• Persona

  • Your public personality, aspects of yourself that you reveal to others

  • masks

• Shadow

  • Prehistoric fear of wild animals, represents animal side of human nature

  • Dark; undesirable parts of ourselves

• Anima

  • Feminine archetype in men

• Animus

  • Masculine archetype in women

• Anima/Animus: opposing forces in a person

• Others

  • God, Hero, Nurturing Mother, Wise Old Man, Wicked Witch, Devil, Powerful Father

Examples of Archetypes

• Family Archetypes

  • Father: stern, powerful, controlling

  • Mother: feeding, nurturing, soothing

  • Child: birth, beginnings, salvation

• Animal Archetypes

  • Faithful Dog: unquestioning loyalty

  • Enduring Horse: never giving up

• Story Archetypes

  • Hero: rescuer, champion

  • Maiden: purity, desire

  • Wise Old Man: knowledge, guidance

  • Magician: mysterious, powerful

  • Witch/Sorceress: dangerous

  • Trickster: deceiving, hidden

Archetypes of Collective Unconscious

• Self

  • Center of psyche

  • Represents our striving for unity of opposing forces

  • Individuation

    • Process by which individual integrates opposing tendencies

    • Indivisible

    • Contradictions do not overwhelm

  • Personified by Jesus Christ and Buddha

  • Perfection only completed at death

  • Symbolized in mandala

  • Drive => to become better

Theory of Psychological Type

• Attempt to explain individual differences

• Began with concepts of introversion and extraversion

• Added functions (thinking-feeling, sensing-intuiting) later

• Represents preferences rather than exclusive talents

• Myers-Briggs Type Indicator

• Explains why one person is different to the other

• Attitudes

  • Orientations

  • Our tendency to act in certain ways; how we orient to the world

  • Introversion

    • Oriented toward inner world (object -> ego)

    • Prefer inner world of thoughts, feelings, dreams, etc.

    • Focus on concepts, ideas, internal expressions

    • More oriented to collective unconscious and archetypes

  • Extraversion

    • Oriented to outside world (ego -> object)

    • Prefer world of things and people

    • Focus on others and thinks aloud

    • More oriented toward persona and outer reality

• Functions: rational functions

  • Judging: how we come to conclusions about what we perceive

    • Thinking

      • Decide impersonally on basis of logical conclusions

      • Tell what it is

      • Naming and interpreting experience

    • Feeling

      • Decisions based on personal and social values

      • Tell what it is worth

      • Evaluating an experience for its emotional worth to us

• Functions: nonrational functions

  • Perceiving: how we gather/take in information

    • Sensing

      • Pay attention to observable facts/events through 5 senses (seeing, hearing, touching, etc.)

      • Good at looking and listening

    • Intuiting

      • Focus on meanings, relationships, possibilities

      • Unconscious sensing – knowing without sensing

      • Unconscious processing

• Types

  • Each type represents preferences for one over the other

  • Dominant function => function used most enthusiastically

  • Development and type

    • Youth and Adolescence

      • Develop dominant function

      • Most natural - feels most comfortable

    • Midlife

      • People tend to be motivated toward completion of personality

      • Begin to add neglected functions