Staphylococcus Species
gram positive bacteria
arranged in grape-like clusters
3 species:
Staphylococcus aureus
Staphylococcus epidermidis
Staphylococcus saprophyticus
Staphylococcus Aureus
Pathogenic
Catalase positive
Coagulase positive
Mannitol positive
Hemolysin of red blood cells
Morphology
gram positive cocci
arranged in grape-like clusters
non-motile
non-sporing
Cultural Characters
Faculative anaerobes
grow on:
nutrient agar, producing golden yellow colonies
beta hemolytic colonies on blood agar
mannitol fermentation
Epidemiology
carried by healthy individuals on the skins and mucous membrane
carriers serve as a source of infection by:
direct contact
food
Pathogenesis
Pathogenic virulence factors: genetic, biochemical or structural features that enable an organism to produce disease.
Clinical outcome of an illness depends on the virulence of the pathogen and the opposing effectiveness of the host defense mechanisms
S. aureus many potential virulence factors
Cell wall virulence factors:
Protein A:
major component of cell wall
binds to Fc moiety of IgG, exerting an antiopsonin effect
Fibronectin-binding protein (FnBP):
promote binding to mucosal cells and tissue matrices
Cytolytic exotoxins:
Hemolysins: α, β, γ, and δ toxins attack mammalian cell (including red blood cell) membrane
Superantigen exotoxins:
affinity for T cell receptor - MHC Class II antigen complex
stimulate enhanced T lymphocyte response
as many as 20% of T cells respond as compared to 0.01% responding to usual processed antigens
major T cell activation can cause toxic shock syndrome
Enterotoxins:
heat stable
resistant to the action of gut enzymes
cause diarrhea and vomiting associated with staphylococcal food poisoning
Toxic shock syndrome toxin (TSST-1):
classic cause of toxic shock syndrome
Manifestation:
fever
diffuse macular rash
shock
multisystem involvement
renal failure
heart failure
Exfoliatin (exfoliative toxin, ET):
superantigen
causes scalded skin syndrome in children
Clinical Significance
Localized skin infections:
e.g. common sty (external hordeolum), furuncles (boils), carbuncles, impetigo
Deep, localized skin infections:
e.g. acute and chronic infection of bone marrow, acute infection of bone space in children (septic joint)
Acute endocarditis:
associated with intravenous drug abuse, caused by needles contaminated with S. aureus
Septicemia
Pneumonia
Nosocomial infections
Toxinoses: diseases caused by the action of a toxin, frequently when the organism that secreted the toxin is undetectable
Toxic shock syndrome
Staphylococcal gastroenteritis
Scalded skin syndrome
Treatment
Hospital-Acquired Methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA)
vancomycin
Community-aquired MRSA (CA-MRSA)
ciprofloxacin
clindamycin
erythromycin
gentamicin
rifampin
tetracycline
trimethoprim-sulfamehoxazole
Vancomycin Resistance
quinupristin-dalfopristin
linezolid
daptomycin
Prevention
no effective vaccine
infection control procedures are important
Staphylococcus Epidermidis
Epidermis of skin and mucous membranes
Commensal bacteria
Catalase positive
Coagulase negative
Novobiocin sensitive
Causes infections on top of prosthetic devices
e.g.: prosthetic valves, artificial joints, intravenous catheters
Drug of choice: Vancomycin
Staphylococcus Saprophyticus
Saprophytic
Opportunistic pathogen
Catalase positive
Coagulase negative
Novobiocin resistant
Causes urinary tract infection in sexually active young women
causes cystitis
Staphylococcus Species
gram positive bacteria
arranged in grape-like clusters
3 species:
Staphylococcus aureus
Staphylococcus epidermidis
Staphylococcus saprophyticus
Staphylococcus Aureus
Pathogenic
Catalase positive
Coagulase positive
Mannitol positive
Hemolysin of red blood cells
Morphology
gram positive cocci
arranged in grape-like clusters
non-motile
non-sporing
Cultural Characters
Faculative anaerobes
grow on:
nutrient agar, producing golden yellow colonies
beta hemolytic colonies on blood agar
mannitol fermentation
Epidemiology
carried by healthy individuals on the skins and mucous membrane
carriers serve as a source of infection by:
direct contact
food
Pathogenesis
Pathogenic virulence factors: genetic, biochemical or structural features that enable an organism to produce disease.
Clinical outcome of an illness depends on the virulence of the pathogen and the opposing effectiveness of the host defense mechanisms
S. aureus many potential virulence factors
Cell wall virulence factors:
Protein A:
major component of cell wall
binds to Fc moiety of IgG, exerting an antiopsonin effect
Fibronectin-binding protein (FnBP):
promote binding to mucosal cells and tissue matrices
Cytolytic exotoxins:
Hemolysins: α, β, γ, and δ toxins attack mammalian cell (including red blood cell) membrane
Superantigen exotoxins:
affinity for T cell receptor - MHC Class II antigen complex
stimulate enhanced T lymphocyte response
as many as 20% of T cells respond as compared to 0.01% responding to usual processed antigens
major T cell activation can cause toxic shock syndrome
Enterotoxins:
heat stable
resistant to the action of gut enzymes
cause diarrhea and vomiting associated with staphylococcal food poisoning
Toxic shock syndrome toxin (TSST-1):
classic cause of toxic shock syndrome
Manifestation:
fever
diffuse macular rash
shock
multisystem involvement
renal failure
heart failure
Exfoliatin (exfoliative toxin, ET):
superantigen
causes scalded skin syndrome in children
Clinical Significance
Localized skin infections:
e.g. common sty (external hordeolum), furuncles (boils), carbuncles, impetigo
Deep, localized skin infections:
e.g. acute and chronic infection of bone marrow, acute infection of bone space in children (septic joint)
Acute endocarditis:
associated with intravenous drug abuse, caused by needles contaminated with S. aureus
Septicemia
Pneumonia
Nosocomial infections
Toxinoses: diseases caused by the action of a toxin, frequently when the organism that secreted the toxin is undetectable
Toxic shock syndrome
Staphylococcal gastroenteritis
Scalded skin syndrome
Treatment
Hospital-Acquired Methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA)
vancomycin
Community-aquired MRSA (CA-MRSA)
ciprofloxacin
clindamycin
erythromycin
gentamicin
rifampin
tetracycline
trimethoprim-sulfamehoxazole
Vancomycin Resistance
quinupristin-dalfopristin
linezolid
daptomycin
Prevention
no effective vaccine
infection control procedures are important
Staphylococcus Epidermidis
Epidermis of skin and mucous membranes
Commensal bacteria
Catalase positive
Coagulase negative
Novobiocin sensitive
Causes infections on top of prosthetic devices
e.g.: prosthetic valves, artificial joints, intravenous catheters
Drug of choice: Vancomycin
Staphylococcus Saprophyticus
Saprophytic
Opportunistic pathogen
Catalase positive
Coagulase negative
Novobiocin resistant
Causes urinary tract infection in sexually active young women
causes cystitis