AP GOV  Full Review

1. Foundation of American Democracy - Unit 1

   1. Natural rights - fundamental rights of all humans (not given by government)

   2. Social Contract - People create a government to protect natural rights

   3. Popular sovereignty - people are a source of governmental power

   4. Limited government - a constitution restricts governmental authority

   5. Republicanism - representative form where people choose representatives to make policy

   6. Participatory democracy - board participation and active role in politics and civil society

   7. Pluralist democracy-group based strive to impact political decision making

   8. Elite Democracy - emphasizes limited citizen participation in higher-order people

   9. Federalist no 10 - A large republic is the best way to control the adverse effects of factions

   10. Brutus no.1 -  warned against excessive federal power and preferred state and local policymaking

   11. Shays rebellion - weak federal response shifted public opinion towards a stronger central government

   12. Great Compromise - bicameral legislature, house based on population, senate 2 per state, revenue bills originate in the house

   13. Electoral College - selects president; some wanted a direct election, others wanted Congress to choose the president

   14. ⅗ compromise - an enslaved person would count as ⅗ of a person for congressional representation purposes

   15. Importation of enslaved people - The slave trade couldn’t be banned for 20 years

   16. Amendment process- ⅔ of both houses of Congress to propose, ¾ states to ratify

   17. Federalists - supported the new constitution, favored a stronger central government

   18. Anti-Federalists - opposed constitution favored states' rights, demanded a bill of rights

   19. Separation of powers - Each branch is assigned specific powers, therefore each branch has limited power

   20. Checks and balances - Each branch can limit/block/influence the actions of other branches

   21. Federalist No.51 - established the separation of powers and checks and balances

   22. Federalism - Division of power between national, state, and local governments

   23. Dynamic federalism - The relationship between the federal and states has changed over time (the power of the national gov increased, and state power has decreased)

   24. Delegated powers - given to the federal gov

   25. Reserved Powers- kept by the state

   26. 10th amendment - all power not given to the federal gov or states are reserved to the state or the people

   27. Concurrent Powers - held by both the federal government and states

   28. Dual federalism - States and federal each supreme in their open sphere of power, with no overlap

   29. Cooperative federalism - Federal and states share responsibilities, costs, and administration policies

   30. Categorical Grants - federal money to states for a specific purpose,  may have conditions of ai/incentives

   31. Block grants - Federal money to states for use within a broad area, more freedom to states

   32. Federal revenue sharing - Federal money to states with little or no strings attached(ended in 1986)

   33. Mandates - Rules that the state must follow, whether gov provides money or not

   34. Big Picture Idea - Grants have increased national power by allowing Congress to influence state policies

   35. Supremacy clause - Federal laws are superior to state laws, then they come into conflict

   36. Necessary and Proper clause - expands federal power. Congress can make NandP laws for executing their enumerated powers.

   37. Enumerated powers - directly written in the constitution(explicit)

   38. Implied Powers - Congress has powers not directly written based on necessary and proper clause

   39. McCulloch v. Maryland(1819) - states cannot tax the national government(supremacy clause says national gov is bigger)

   40. Commerce clause- congress can regulate anything affecting interstate commerce, which used to be weaker

   41. U.S. V Lopez(1995) - Struck down the federal gun-free school zones act (commerce clause and 10tham)