Terms: Define in context.

Feudalism- people worked and fought for nobles who gave them protection and land in return.

Absolute Monarchy - the king or queen is by no means limited and has absolute power

Divine Right - the monarch believes that god chose them to rule

The Scientific Method - the attempt to discern the activities by which that success is achieved

Versailles - site of an elaborate royal residence built for Louis XIV; seat of the French kings

Huguenots - French Protestants

Edict of Nantes - by Henry IV of France, which granted a large measure of religious liberty to his Protestant subjects, the Huguenots

Westernization - the adoption of practices and culture of western Europe by societies and countries in other parts of the world, whether through compulsion or influence.

Salons - a way to discuss the latest philosopher, books, and ideas

Deist -form of rational theology that emerged among “freethinking” Europeans in the 17th and 18th centuries

Philosophe/Philosopher - a person who practices or investigates philosophy

Social Contract - an actual or hypothetical compact, or agreement, between the ruled or between the ruled and their rulers, defining the rights and duties of each.

Natural Rights - The rights that are not dependent on the laws, customs, or beliefs of any particular culture or government, and are therefore universal and inalienable

Two Treatises of Government - a seminal work of political philosophy written by John Locke and published, anonymously, in 1689

3 Tenets of the Philosophes - natural rights, republicanism, and constitutionalism.

Leviathan - Hobbes argued that the absolute power of the sovereign was ultimately justified by the consent of the governed, who agreed, in a hypothetical social contract, to obey the sovereign in all matters in exchange for a guarantee of peace and security

The Social Contract - a theory or model that originated during the Age of Enlightenment and usually concerns the legitimacy of the authority of the state over the individual.

The Spirit of Laws - Montesquieu's best known work in which he reflects on the influence of climate on society, the separation of political powers, and the need for checks on a powerful executive office

Toleration and Other Essays - in which he calls for religious toleration, and targets religious fanaticism, especially that of the Jesuits

English Bill of Rights - n act signed into law in 1689 by William III and Mary II, who became co-rulers in England after the overthrow of King James II

Censorship - the changing or the suppression or prohibition of speech or writing that is deemed subversive of the common good

Baroque- a cultural and art movement that characterized Europe from the early seventeenth to mid-eighteenth century.

Rococo - a style of architecture and decoration that originated in France in the early 18th century, characterized by elaborate but graceful, light, ornamentation, often containing asymmetrical motifs.

Enlightened Despots - form of government in the 18th century in which absolute monarchs pursued legal, social, and educational reforms inspired by the Enlightenmen

People: Who were they? What did they accomplish/support?

Louis XIV - Louis XIV was the king of france. He was able to centralize the government in the Palace of Versailles. This also allowed him to have complete control over the country.

Philip II - Philip II was the king of spain who successfully expanded spain’s influence

Maria Theresa - Empress of Austria during the 7 years war over sileasa. She invested in reforms that advanced what today would be defined as public health

Catherine the Great - Russia’s ruler in 1762. She continued her predecessor's legacy by encouraging westernization.

Charles I of England - The absolute monarch in 1625. During his rule the england civil war happened between the throne and parliament.

Peter the Great - Ruled over Russia in the early 1600’s. He successfully modernized russia.

Henry IV - Henry IV was a ruler in France. He was able to publish the Edict of Nantes.

Thomas Hobbes - Thomas Hobbes was an english thinker/ philosopher. He believed that people were naturally evil, greedy, and horrible. He thought that to live the best life a strict/ absolute government/ monarchy would be best

John Locke - John Locke was an english thinker/philosopher. He believed that people were naturally good, kind-hearted, and nice. He thought it best that there shouldn’t be an absolute monarchy

Frederick the Great (II) - Frederick was the ruler of Prussia. He was best known for the expansion of Prussia with his amazon military and the capturing of sileasa

Joseph II - Joseph II was Holy Roman Emperor in 1765. The reorganization of the army secured Joseph's position in Europe

Voltaire - Voltaire was a French thinker/philosopher. He believed in the freedom of speech, religion, etc.

Jean-Jacques Rousseau - Rousseau was a thinker/philosopher who believed that people in their natural state were good. He thought that society placed too many limitations on people. He believed that while those limitation may be necessary, they should’ve been minimal

Baron de Montesquieu - Montesquieu was an early and influential thinker. Montesquieu studied the governments of Europe, ranging from Italy to England. Montesquieu thought that the best way to protect liberty was to divide the functions and powers into 3 parts of government: legislative, executive, and judicial. He also believed that 2 branches of government should be able to check on the 3rd to make sure that all power was equal in a system of checks and balances.

Mary Wollstonecraft -Wollstonecraft was a well-known British social critic. She accepted that a woman’s first duty was to be a good mother but felt as though a woman should be able to decide what was in her own interest without depending on her husband

Adam Smith - Often called the father of the free market, Smith believed that the government had a duty to protect society, administer justice, and provide public works.

ON A SEPERATE SHEET OF PAPER…

Events/Concepts: Be able to explain, provide detail for the following… (possible areas to address: What was it? Who was involved? What was the outcome? Effects?)

1. Age of Absolutism

The age of absolutism was the time of absolute monarchs. During this time, there was a lot of religious intolerance and oppression of the lower classes. The effect of this was the revolts.

1. Spanish Armada

The spanish armada was a spanish fleet which was sent to England in hopes of taking over but england had an inside tip and was able to attack them first, destroying their fleets thus decreasing their power.

1. War of the Austrian Succession

The war of Austrian Succession was when Prussia wanted to take over Austria. This happened when Maria Theresa and Feredrick the Great were in power, respectively. Prussia succeeded by getting sileasa.

1. Scientific Revolution

The Scientific Revolution was a series of events that marked the emergence of modern science during the modern period, when mathematics, physics, astronomy, biology and chemistry transformed the views of society about nature.

1. The Enlightenment

The enlightenment was an intellectual and philosophical movement that dominated Europe in the 17th and 18th centuries with global influences and effects. The main thinkers during these times were Locke, Hobbes, Voltaire, Rousseau, Montesquieu, and Smith.

1. Spread of Enlightenment Ideas

Salons were a huge way to spread the ideas of thinkers. Many times salons discussed the newest ideas, books, or philosophies.

Goodluck!