• Emotion is a physiological and cognitive response to our situation

• The theories generally deal with the order in which mental and physical reactions occur

James-Lange

• This theory proposes that we take in stimulus, which causes physical arousal

  • Activation of the autonomic nervous system and endocrine system to prepare for the situation

  • Also activity in the limbic system, notably the amygdala

• The physical feeling then tells us to have an emotional experience

• Emotions occur as a result of physiological reactions to events

• The weakness of this theory is that it relies on the premise that every emotion is accompanied by a unique pattern of physiological arousal

  • Some doubt if there are enough subtle bodily reactions to inform our mind of each emotion

Schachter-Singer/Two-Factor

• The two-factor theory incorporates cognition

• Claims that stimulus comes in, the body reacts physically, the mind then appraises the situation, and finally, an emotional response occurs

• Cognition is like asking what it should attribute the body’s reaction to

• Cognitive appraisal precedes the emotional experience

• The problem is that some emotions seem automatic, like fear

  • There is no appraisal involved

Cannon-Bard

• This theory proposes that as stimulus comes in, physiological arousal and the emotional experience occur independently of one another

• This is attributed mainly to the thalamus, which sends all sensory information to everything at the same time

• In the same fashion, the body and the mind receive the stimulus information and react simultaneously, but not because of one another

• The weakness of Cannon-Bard theory is that it doesn’t factor in novel situations where we may be unclear as to what we feel

Lazarus

• Lazarus disputed all of these theories, claiming that we, as humans, never stop subconsciously appraising our situation

• His theory explains that since cognition is always taking place, we are always appraising our situation and subsequently informing the body and mind how to respond

• This creates physiological arousal and an emotional experience independent of one another, and non necessarily happening at the same time

• The weakness of this theory is the same as two-factor, in that some emotions seem to be immediate and automatic, almost primal in nature

Zajonc; LeDoux

• This theory describes the ‘high road’ and ‘low road’

• This addresses the weakness of other theories that some emotions are automatic like fear, anger, and surprise

• The ‘low-road’ explains emotional experiences that are quick and require no cognition, theorized that the stimulus goes straight to the cerebellum and limbic system

  • This is like the cannon-bard theory, referencing the thalamus

• The ‘high-road’ is cognitive emotion, going to the higher processes that are literally higher in the brain like the frontal cortex

  • This part of the theory implies that the thalamus sends this stimulus to the cortex, it is processed there, then sent to the amygdala for a reaction

  • This would include emotions like guilt, happiness, and love