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Other AP World History: Modern unit study guides
AP World History: Modern Ultimate Guide
Unit 1: The Global Tapestry
Unit 2: Networks of Exchange
Unit 3: Land-Based Empires
Unit 4: Transoceanic Interconnections
Unit 5: Revolutions
Unit 6: Consequences of Industrialization
Unit 7: Global Conflict
Unit 8: Cold War and Decolonization
Unit 9: Globalization
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Unit 5 study guide notes
- Ideas of Scientific Revolution spread to European public during 18th century
- By popular press, growing literacy, and host of scientific stories m
- Adam Smith
- Created laws that accounted for the working economy
- If the laws were followed, there would be favorable results for society
- Enlightenment: long-term outcome of scientific development
- Immanuel Kant
- Asked the question “What is Enlightenment?”
- Have the courage to use your own understanding: motto of the enlightenment
- John Locke
- Gave principles for creating a constitutional government
- Contract that was created by human ingenuity
- Voltaire
- Reflected outlook of the Scientific revolution
- Commented sarcastically on religious intolerance
- Rousseau
- Minimized importance of book learning
- Immersion in nature: taught self-reliance and generosity
- Deists: believed in abstract and remote Deity, compared to a clockmaker who had created the world
- Pantheists: believed God and nature were identical
Women
- Parisian women hosted gatherings in their salons for male enlightenment figures
- Famous Encyclopedia included very few essays by women
- Man believed “the whole education of women ought to be relative to men”
- Other articles like “Journal des Dames’ defended women
- Voltaire idealized china as empire governed by elite scholars
- Sharp contrast to Europe: aristocratic birth and military were more important
- Confucianism
- Encouraged enlightenment thinkers to imagine future for European civilization
- Central theme of Enlightenment: idea of progress
- Quakers: emphasized tolerance
Looking Ahead: Science in the Nineteenth Century and Beyond
- Charles Darwin
- Argues that all life was in constant change
- Karl Marx
- Articulated view of human history that emphasized change and struggle
- Conflicting social classes drove process of historical transformation
- Saw himself as a scientist
- Based his theories on historical research like Newton and Darwin
- Believed that a society without classes or class conflict was not a good idea
- Sigmund Freud
- Applied scientific techniques to operation of human mind and emotions
- Cast further doubt on Enlightenment conceptions of human rationality
Atlantic Revolutions in a Global Context
- Many parts of world witnessed converging revolutions
- Safavid Dynasty had collapsed
- Wahhabi movement in arabia threatened Ottoman Empire
- Russian Empire experience peasant uprisings
- China hosted number of unsuccessful rebellions
- Atlantic revolutions in North America, France, Haiti, and Latin America
- Occurred in context of expensive wars, weakening states, and destabilizing processes
- Costly wars that strained European imperial states were global rather than regional
- Britain and France joined battle in North America, Caribbean, West Africa, and South Asia
- Actions contributed to laughing of North Americana and French revolutions
- Atlantic revolutions were connected
- Thoman Jefferson provided encouragement to French reformers
- Atlantic revolutionaries shared set of common ideas
- Became a world of intellectual and cultural exchange
- Human political and social arrangement could be improved by human action
- New ideas of liberty, equality, free trade, religious tolerance
- Popular sovereignty
- Authority to govern derived from the ppl rather than from God or established tradition
- Ideas largely limited to Atlantic world
- Ideas born from Enlightenment created controversy
- Ideas of human equality in these revolutions was expressed in feminist, socialist, and communist movements
The North American Revolution 1775-1789
- Struggle for independence from oppressive British rule
- Launched with the Declaration of Independence in 1776
- Marked a decisive political change
- Conservative movement since it originated in effort to preserve existing liberties of colonies instead of creating new ones
- Britain's West Indian colonies seemed more profitable than those of North America
- Local elected assemblies in north america achieved closeness to self-government
- No one in colonies though of breaking away from england because participation in British Empire provided advantages
- Protections in war
- Access to british markers
- English settlers developed societies in colonies
- Much class distinction
- Small class of wealthy gentlemen
- Social life was far more open in Europe than in the colonies
- Scarcity of people, absence of a titled nobility and church
- All free men enjoyed same status
- Less poverty, more economic opportunities, fewer social differences
- American revolution grew from British government tightening its control over colonies to extract more money from them
- British began to act like an imperial power
- Imposed new taxes and tariffs on colonies without consent (not represented in british Parliament)
- With ideas of Enlightenment (popular sovereignty, natural rights) , they went to war and won
- After the war, political authority in the colonies remained in the hands of existing elites who led the revolution
- Many american patriots felt passionate that they were creating “a new order for the ages”
- American revolution started the political dismantling of Europe's New world empires
The Haitian Revolution 1791-1804
- Saint Domingue boasted 8,000 plantations
- Produced 40% of worlds sugar and half its coffee
- White people: 40,000 people
- Plantation owners, merchants, lawyers, and poor whites
- Slave labor force: 500,000 people
- Third social group: 30,000
- Free people of color
- Mixed-race background
- Ideas from French Revolution spread violence in the colony for more than a decade
- Principle of the revolution: different things to different people
- To the rich whites, suggested greater autonomy for the colony and fewer restrictions on trade
- Petits Blancs: sought equality of citizenship for all whites
- To slaves
- Promise of French Revolution was personal freedom that challenged entire slave labor system
- In massive revolt in 1791, slaves burned 1,000 plantations and killed many whites
- Soon, slaves, whites, and free people of color battled
- Spanish and British forces also fought bc wanted to expand empires
- During battles, power was given to the slaves
- Former slave leader defeated attempt by Napoleon to reestablish French control
- Slaves thrown off French colonial rule
Effects:
- Created second independent republic in Americas
- Renamed country “Haiti”
- Meaning mountains or rugged
- Haiti directly confronted elite preferences for lighter skin
- Disallowed citizenship for most whites
- Countries plantation system had been destroyed
- White fled or were killed
- Haiti's race and class divisions contributed to poverty and unstable politics
- “Remember Haiti” reflected sense of horror to whites
- Haitian revolution led to temporary expansion of slavery in Cuba
- Napoleon's defeat in Haiti persuaded him to sell French territories to the U.S.
- Louisiana Purchase
Latin American Revolutions
- Spanish colonies offended by spanish monarchs efforts to exercise power over colonies
- Conditions similar to North America led to uncoordinated protests rather than declarations of independence
- Spanish colonies
- Spanish colonies governed in authoritarian ways
- Sharply divided by class
- More native american than whites in latin america
- Creole elites did not start a revolution even tho they were against spanish rule
- Napoleon invaded Spain and Portugal and exiled royal family
- Latin Americans forced to take action and gained independence for states of latin america
- North america
- Violence directed entirely against British
- Mexico
- Fight for independence began in peasant insurrection, driven by hunger for land and high food prices
- Creole landowners raised army and crushed insurgency
- Alliance of clergy and creole elites brought mexico more social controlled independence
- Independence movement took place under great fear
- Dread of social rebellion from below
- Violence of French and Haitian revolution was lesson to Latin American elites that political change was dangerous
- Creole sponsors of independence movement required support of the people
- Nativism
- Americanos: all those born in the Americas - creoles, indians, mixed-race people, free blacks
- Enemy: those born in Spain or Portugal
Women
- Did not gain much from independence struggle
- Wealthy women raised money for the cause and provided safe havens for revolutionary meetings
- Mexico
- Women disguised themselves as men to join truggle
- Few social gains rewarded these efforts
- Latin American women continued to be excluded from political life
Differences
- Spanish colonies were larger than American colonies
- Harder to communicate
- Occurred in different societies
Aftermath
- United states grew increasingly wealthy, industrialized, democratic
- Spanish colonies regarded as more promising regions compared to American colonies
- New independence countries in both regions launched new phase of history
- Latin america became underdeveloped, impoverished, undemocratic
- Latin American and North american revolutions occurred in different societies
- Britain loss of American colonies fueled growing interest and interventions in Asia
- Caused british rule in india
- Caused opium wars in China
- Europe
- Smaller revolutions erupted in 1830
- Reflected ideas of republicanism, social equality, national liberation
- Smaller revolutions erupted in 1830
3 major movements
- Abolitionists sought the end of slavery
- Nationalists hoped to gain unity and independence from foreign rule
- Feminists challenged male dominance
The Abolition of Slavery
- Enlightenment thinker believed slavery violates natural rights of every person
- These moral arguments against slavery became acceptable because slavery was not economically beneficial at all
- Slavery viewed as out of date and unnecessary in the new era of industrial technology and capitalism
Great Jamaican Revolt
- A bunch of slaves attacked a lot of plantations
- Influenced the abolishment of slavery in britain
- Views on slavery were now seen as morally wrong, politically unwise, and economically inefficient
Abolitionist movement: condemned slavery as morally bad in like the 18th century
- Prominent in Britain and U.S.
- Active attempt to abolish slavery
- Slowly illegalizing the shipment of slaves
- Most latin american countries abolished slavery by the 1800s
- Plantation owners still vigorously held onto their slaves
- End of Atlantic slavery maked a major/rapid turn in worlds social history
Outcomes
- Economic lives of former slaves did not improve dramatically
- Only Haiti redistributed land after end of slavery
- Freedmen sought economic autonomy on their own land
- Jamaica: independent peasant agriculture proved possible for some
- Southern U.S.
- Forms of legally free but highly dependent labor emerged to replace slavery
- Brief period of “radical reconstruction”
- Freed blacks enjoyed political rights; was followed by harsh segregation laws - racism
- Reluctance of former slaves to continue working created labor shortages
- Set a new wave of global migration
- Indentured servants from India and China imported into Caribbean, Peru, South Africa, etc.
- Worked in mines, on plantations, in construction projects
- Newly freed people did not achieve political equality except in Haiti
- White planters retained local authority in Caribbean: colonial rule stayed until 20th century
- West and East Africa
- Decreased price of slaves
- Increased use within African societies
- Islamic world
- Freeing of slaves was recommended as mark of piety
- Some Muslim authorities opposed slavery
- Violated Qurans ideals of freedom and equality
Unit 5 study guide notes
- Ideas of Scientific Revolution spread to European public during 18th century
- By popular press, growing literacy, and host of scientific stories m
- Adam Smith
- Created laws that accounted for the working economy
- If the laws were followed, there would be favorable results for society
- Enlightenment: long-term outcome of scientific development
- Immanuel Kant
- Asked the question “What is Enlightenment?”
- Have the courage to use your own understanding: motto of the enlightenment
- John Locke
- Gave principles for creating a constitutional government
- Contract that was created by human ingenuity
- Voltaire
- Reflected outlook of the Scientific revolution
- Commented sarcastically on religious intolerance
- Rousseau
- Minimized importance of book learning
- Immersion in nature: taught self-reliance and generosity
- Deists: believed in abstract and remote Deity, compared to a clockmaker who had created the world
- Pantheists: believed God and nature were identical
Women
- Parisian women hosted gatherings in their salons for male enlightenment figures
- Famous Encyclopedia included very few essays by women
- Man believed “the whole education of women ought to be relative to men”
- Other articles like “Journal des Dames’ defended women
- Voltaire idealized china as empire governed by elite scholars
- Sharp contrast to Europe: aristocratic birth and military were more important
- Confucianism
- Encouraged enlightenment thinkers to imagine future for European civilization
- Central theme of Enlightenment: idea of progress
- Quakers: emphasized tolerance
Looking Ahead: Science in the Nineteenth Century and Beyond
- Charles Darwin
- Argues that all life was in constant change
- Karl Marx
- Articulated view of human history that emphasized change and struggle
- Conflicting social classes drove process of historical transformation
- Saw himself as a scientist
- Based his theories on historical research like Newton and Darwin
- Believed that a society without classes or class conflict was not a good idea
- Sigmund Freud
- Applied scientific techniques to operation of human mind and emotions
- Cast further doubt on Enlightenment conceptions of human rationality
Atlantic Revolutions in a Global Context
- Many parts of world witnessed converging revolutions
- Safavid Dynasty had collapsed
- Wahhabi movement in arabia threatened Ottoman Empire
- Russian Empire experience peasant uprisings
- China hosted number of unsuccessful rebellions
- Atlantic revolutions in North America, France, Haiti, and Latin America
- Occurred in context of expensive wars, weakening states, and destabilizing processes
- Costly wars that strained European imperial states were global rather than regional
- Britain and France joined battle in North America, Caribbean, West Africa, and South Asia
- Actions contributed to laughing of North Americana and French revolutions
- Atlantic revolutions were connected
- Thoman Jefferson provided encouragement to French reformers
- Atlantic revolutionaries shared set of common ideas
- Became a world of intellectual and cultural exchange
- Human political and social arrangement could be improved by human action
- New ideas of liberty, equality, free trade, religious tolerance
- Popular sovereignty
- Authority to govern derived from the ppl rather than from God or established tradition
- Ideas largely limited to Atlantic world
- Ideas born from Enlightenment created controversy
- Ideas of human equality in these revolutions was expressed in feminist, socialist, and communist movements
The North American Revolution 1775-1789
- Struggle for independence from oppressive British rule
- Launched with the Declaration of Independence in 1776
- Marked a decisive political change
- Conservative movement since it originated in effort to preserve existing liberties of colonies instead of creating new ones
- Britain's West Indian colonies seemed more profitable than those of North America
- Local elected assemblies in north america achieved closeness to self-government
- No one in colonies though of breaking away from england because participation in British Empire provided advantages
- Protections in war
- Access to british markers
- English settlers developed societies in colonies
- Much class distinction
- Small class of wealthy gentlemen
- Social life was far more open in Europe than in the colonies
- Scarcity of people, absence of a titled nobility and church
- All free men enjoyed same status
- Less poverty, more economic opportunities, fewer social differences
- American revolution grew from British government tightening its control over colonies to extract more money from them
- British began to act like an imperial power
- Imposed new taxes and tariffs on colonies without consent (not represented in british Parliament)
- With ideas of Enlightenment (popular sovereignty, natural rights) , they went to war and won
- After the war, political authority in the colonies remained in the hands of existing elites who led the revolution
- Many american patriots felt passionate that they were creating “a new order for the ages”
- American revolution started the political dismantling of Europe's New world empires
The Haitian Revolution 1791-1804
- Saint Domingue boasted 8,000 plantations
- Produced 40% of worlds sugar and half its coffee
- White people: 40,000 people
- Plantation owners, merchants, lawyers, and poor whites
- Slave labor force: 500,000 people
- Third social group: 30,000
- Free people of color
- Mixed-race background
- Ideas from French Revolution spread violence in the colony for more than a decade
- Principle of the revolution: different things to different people
- To the rich whites, suggested greater autonomy for the colony and fewer restrictions on trade
- Petits Blancs: sought equality of citizenship for all whites
- To slaves
- Promise of French Revolution was personal freedom that challenged entire slave labor system
- In massive revolt in 1791, slaves burned 1,000 plantations and killed many whites
- Soon, slaves, whites, and free people of color battled
- Spanish and British forces also fought bc wanted to expand empires
- During battles, power was given to the slaves
- Former slave leader defeated attempt by Napoleon to reestablish French control
- Slaves thrown off French colonial rule
Effects:
- Created second independent republic in Americas
- Renamed country “Haiti”
- Meaning mountains or rugged
- Haiti directly confronted elite preferences for lighter skin
- Disallowed citizenship for most whites
- Countries plantation system had been destroyed
- White fled or were killed
- Haiti's race and class divisions contributed to poverty and unstable politics
- “Remember Haiti” reflected sense of horror to whites
- Haitian revolution led to temporary expansion of slavery in Cuba
- Napoleon's defeat in Haiti persuaded him to sell French territories to the U.S.
- Louisiana Purchase
Latin American Revolutions
- Spanish colonies offended by spanish monarchs efforts to exercise power over colonies
- Conditions similar to North America led to uncoordinated protests rather than declarations of independence
- Spanish colonies
- Spanish colonies governed in authoritarian ways
- Sharply divided by class
- More native american than whites in latin america
- Creole elites did not start a revolution even tho they were against spanish rule
- Napoleon invaded Spain and Portugal and exiled royal family
- Latin Americans forced to take action and gained independence for states of latin america
- North america
- Violence directed entirely against British
- Mexico
- Fight for independence began in peasant insurrection, driven by hunger for land and high food prices
- Creole landowners raised army and crushed insurgency
- Alliance of clergy and creole elites brought mexico more social controlled independence
- Independence movement took place under great fear
- Dread of social rebellion from below
- Violence of French and Haitian revolution was lesson to Latin American elites that political change was dangerous
- Creole sponsors of independence movement required support of the people
- Nativism
- Americanos: all those born in the Americas - creoles, indians, mixed-race people, free blacks
- Enemy: those born in Spain or Portugal
Women
- Did not gain much from independence struggle
- Wealthy women raised money for the cause and provided safe havens for revolutionary meetings
- Mexico
- Women disguised themselves as men to join truggle
- Few social gains rewarded these efforts
- Latin American women continued to be excluded from political life
Differences
- Spanish colonies were larger than American colonies
- Harder to communicate
- Occurred in different societies
Aftermath
- United states grew increasingly wealthy, industrialized, democratic
- Spanish colonies regarded as more promising regions compared to American colonies
- New independence countries in both regions launched new phase of history
- Latin america became underdeveloped, impoverished, undemocratic
- Latin American and North american revolutions occurred in different societies
- Britain loss of American colonies fueled growing interest and interventions in Asia
- Caused british rule in india
- Caused opium wars in China
- Europe
- Smaller revolutions erupted in 1830
- Reflected ideas of republicanism, social equality, national liberation
- Smaller revolutions erupted in 1830
3 major movements
- Abolitionists sought the end of slavery
- Nationalists hoped to gain unity and independence from foreign rule
- Feminists challenged male dominance
The Abolition of Slavery
- Enlightenment thinker believed slavery violates natural rights of every person
- These moral arguments against slavery became acceptable because slavery was not economically beneficial at all
- Slavery viewed as out of date and unnecessary in the new era of industrial technology and capitalism
Great Jamaican Revolt
- A bunch of slaves attacked a lot of plantations
- Influenced the abolishment of slavery in britain
- Views on slavery were now seen as morally wrong, politically unwise, and economically inefficient
Abolitionist movement: condemned slavery as morally bad in like the 18th century
- Prominent in Britain and U.S.
- Active attempt to abolish slavery
- Slowly illegalizing the shipment of slaves
- Most latin american countries abolished slavery by the 1800s
- Plantation owners still vigorously held onto their slaves
- End of Atlantic slavery maked a major/rapid turn in worlds social history
Outcomes
- Economic lives of former slaves did not improve dramatically
- Only Haiti redistributed land after end of slavery
- Freedmen sought economic autonomy on their own land
- Jamaica: independent peasant agriculture proved possible for some
- Southern U.S.
- Forms of legally free but highly dependent labor emerged to replace slavery
- Brief period of “radical reconstruction”
- Freed blacks enjoyed political rights; was followed by harsh segregation laws - racism
- Reluctance of former slaves to continue working created labor shortages
- Set a new wave of global migration
- Indentured servants from India and China imported into Caribbean, Peru, South Africa, etc.
- Worked in mines, on plantations, in construction projects
- Newly freed people did not achieve political equality except in Haiti
- White planters retained local authority in Caribbean: colonial rule stayed until 20th century
- West and East Africa
- Decreased price of slaves
- Increased use within African societies
- Islamic world
- Freeing of slaves was recommended as mark of piety
- Some Muslim authorities opposed slavery
- Violated Qurans ideals of freedom and equality