Studied by 4 peopleClimate Change in the Middle Ages
Climate change in the Middle Ages led to poor harvests, famine, and susceptibility to disease, with a shift from warmth (1000-1300) to a "Mini Ice Age" (1300-1800) evidenced by glacier changes and Viking struggles on Greenland.
Great Famine
The Great Famine (1315-1322) in Europe resulted from poor harvests and climate change, leading to high food prices, low production, and social consequences like village abandonment and vagabondage.
Black Death
The Black Death, a plague caused by Yersinia Pestis bacteria, struck Europe in 1347, killing up to a third of the population through various forms like Bubonic Plague and Pneumonic transmission.
Effects of the Plague
The Plague spread from China to Europe, causing high mortality rates, especially in dense urban areas, leading to economic, religious, and cultural effects like inflation, increased wages, and religious movements like Flagellants.
Hundred Years' War
The Hundred Years' War (1337-1453) between England and France, rooted in land disputes and throne claims, saw English successes early on due to factors like the use of longbowmen and economic interests in the wool trade.
Reconquest of Normandy
English advancement to Paris by 1419 after reconquering Normandy.
Joan of Arc
Peasant girl whose military leadership vision led to French victory.
Babylonian Captivity
Period from 1309 to 1376 when popes resided in Avignon instead of Rome.
Great Schism
Division in church leadership from 1378 to 1417 with two, then three popes.
Confraternities
Voluntary lay groups organized by occupation, devotional preference, or charitable activity.
Lay Piety and Mysticism
Weakened spiritual mystique of clergy led to laypeople developing their own forms of piety.
Peasant Revolts
Revolts by peasants due to exploitation, taxes, and social unrest in the late Middle Ages.
Urban Conflicts
Conflicts in urban areas involving guilds, workers, and capitalist investors in the 14th century.
Medieval Marital Patterns
Marital patterns in the Middle Ages potentially contributing to riots and revolts, emphasizing economic independence before marriage.
Late Marriage Age for Women
Women in medieval times marrying in their 20s, unlike other parts of Europe, leading to fewer pregnancies and less dependency.
Prostitution in Urban Areas
Urban phenomenon in large cities, with legal limitations and distinctive dress codes for brothel residents.
Sodomy in Florence
Same-sex relationships in Florence, with special courts established to address sodomy, involving adult men and boys.
Statute of Kilkenny (1366)
Law discriminating against the Irish, prohibiting intermarriage with the English, mandating English language use, and restricting access to ecclesiastical offices.
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