Chapter 7

Human being

a man, woman, or child of the species

Homo sapiens,

distinguished from other animals by superior mental development, power of articulate speech, and upright stance’

Society

an organization or aggregate of people living together with common interests or purpose or activity

Happiness

mental or emotional state of well-being which can be defined by, among others, positive or pleasant emotions ranging from contentment to intense joy

Well-being

the state of being happy, healthy, or prosperous

Man

defined as a rational animal because he can think and use reason consistently.

science and technology

can be used to satisfy man's material world.

rational choices.

According to Aristotle, the way human beings do things is by making

rational choice theory

which is used to model human decision making.

Walking upright

humans evolved from four-legged species to walking upright individuals.

climbed trees and walked on the ground

The earliest humans ______ to gather food and find shelter for their survival.

changing environment

the changes in the physical characteristics of humans were brought about by adaptation to the

Use of different tools

their various activities such as foraging, hunting and fishing to provide a wide range of food supply led to advances in tools and tool-making.

Use of different tools

The development of agriculture, animal domestication and adoption of permanent settlements has led to utilization of bronze,

Domestication of animals

They settled in one place, learned to tame animals and domesticate them. They also raised animals for clothing, medicine, and shelters.

Goats, sheep, chicken

The first animals to be domesticated were the ___ followed by_________ and then ____________

Oxen and horses

Larger animals like ______ were also domesticated for plowing and transportation.

Oxen and horses

These animals were also known as beasts of burden.

Short bodies and long guts

(6 million years ago).

Short bodies and long guts

earliest human species

Short bodies and long guts

Since most of the food that humans consumed during this time were plant-based, this required a large digestive tract.

Wide rib cage

made room for the stomach, intestines, and other organs that break down food.

Tall bodies and short gut

(9 million years ago).

Tall bodies and short gut

Some humans have adapted to hot climates, they evolved narrow bodies that helped them stay cool.

Long legs

enabled them to travel longer distances.

smaller digestive tract

Eating meat and other foods that could be digested quickly led to a

Compact bodies and short gut

(400,000 years ago).

Compact bodies and short gut

As humans moved to colder climates, their bodies needed to adapt to help them stay warm.

Compact bodies and short gut

They had a short, wide bodies to conserve heat; they depended on both raw meat and cooked food.

Bones were sleeker and weaker.

Starting about 50,000 years ago,

Bones were sleeker and weaker.

because of less physically demanding lifestyles and diet that included meat and cooked foods, humans evolved

Complexity of the brains

This helped the early humans in their social interactions and encounters with unfamiliar habitats.

Tripled, largest and most complex

As humans evolved, the brain size and become the __ and ___ of any living primate

driving force behind evolution

ability of an organism to process information about its environment

physical environment and social environment

The evolution of the human brain is mainly focused on selective pressures of the

Social life

sharing food, caring for infants, and building social networks to help them survive the different challenges in the changing environment.