(1) Bloodborne Pathogens

Bloodborne Pathogens

Pathogenic microorganisms such as viruses or bacteria that are carried in blood and can cause disease in people

• Hepatitis B Virus (HBV)

• Hepatitis C Virus (HCV)

• Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)

Examples of primary concern bloodborne pathogens:

Hepatitis B (HBV)

• A DNA virus that belongs in the hepadnaviridae family

hepadnaviridae family

Where family of virus does Hepatitis B belong?

Modes of transmission: parenteral, sexual, or perinatal

What is the mode of transmission of Hepatitis B?

Parenteral

HBV is transmitted by intimate contact with HBV contaminated blood or other body fluids including seminal fluid, vaginal secretions, and saliva.

sexual contact

Transmission has been associated with ____________, blood transfusions, sharing of needles and syringes especially among IV drug users, tattooing, and occupational needlestick injuries.

perinatal route

There is a tendency for this bloodborne pathogen to be passed on or transmitted to the baby from the mother, most likely during delivery.

close personal contact of broken skin

Inapparent transmission of virus may also occur through ____________.

no way

If the skin is intact or there are no abrasions or there are no penetrations, then there is ________for the virus or the bloodborne pathogen to be transmitted.

45-90 days

What is the incubation period for Hepatitis B?

10-90% of cases may develop chronic hepatitis with increased risk for liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma

Complications of HBV:

the virus to multiply inside the body

In 45 to 90 days, it means that the body is given time for _____________ before we can manifest the signs and symptoms of the disease

Chronic State

a human health condition or disease that is persistent or otherwise long-lasting in its effects or a disease that comes with time.

one week in dried blood

HBV can survive for at least ___________ on environmental surfaces or contaminated needles and instruments.

• Fever

• fatigue

• loss of appetite

• nausea

• dark urine

• vomiting

• abdominal pain

• joint pains

• and jaundice (yellow discoloration

  of the skin and the eyes)

What are the signs and symptoms of Hepatitis B?

very low

Usually, the risk of healthcare workers being exposed to this bloodborne pathogen on the job is __________. Especially if they follow strict practices and the use of PPE to prevent the transmission of bloodborne infections.

stuck with an HBV contaminated needle or other sharp objects.

So for healthcare workers on the job, the main risk for HBV infection is from being _________ or _________.

liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma

• Complications: 10-90% of cases may develop chronic hepatitis with increased risk for ________ and _________.

1. Screening of blood donors
2. Treating plasma-derived products to inactivate HBV
3. Implementing infection-control measures
4. Immunization with hepatitis B vaccine

Measures to prevent HBV infection:

• one of the ways the virus can be transmitted is through blood transfusion

• to protect the recipient of the donor during blood transfusion by prevention.

Why do we need to screen the blood donors?

no recapping of needles, wearing of PPE, prioritizing one’s welfare

Implementing infection-control measures include:

Hepatitis C (HCV)

An enveloped, single-stranded RNA virus belonging to the Flaviviridae family

Flaviviridae family

What family of RNA virus does Hepatitis C belong?

Modes of transmission: parenteral, sexual, or perinatal

What is the mode of transmission for Hepatitis C?

1. Hepatitis B Virus

2. Hepatitis C Virus

These two bloodborne pathogens have a high chances of progression to chronic state

85% develop chronic infection with increased risk of Liver cirrhosis, Hepatocellular carcinoma, and autoimmune manifestations

Complications of HCV:

Liver cirrhosis, Hepatocellular carcinoma, and autoimmune manifestations

In HCV, 85% develop chronic infection with increased risk of _______, ________, and ________.

liver ; inflammation

Usually, the patient will really progress to chronic infections because HCV attacks the ________ and leads to _______.

Symptoms include jaundice, fatigue, abdominal pain, loss of appetite, intermittent nausea, dark urine, and joint pains

What are the symptoms for Hepatitis C?

no symptoms

In HCV, most have _________ and don’t know they are infected until decades later when liver damage shows up in routine tests.

Hemophilia

_____ is a condition or a disease where the patient lacks clotting factors

Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)

The etiologic agent of the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)

• HIV-1 (discovered in 1983-1984)

• Human T-cell lymphotrophic virus-type III (HTLV-III)

• Lymphadenopathy –associated virus (LAV)

• AIDS-associated retrovirus (ARV)

What are the former names for Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)?

attacks the immune system cells

HIV that causes AIDS_____________, weakening and eventually destroying the immune system and thus leaving the body at higher risks of developing more serious conditions like pneumonia or cancer.

pneumonia or cancer

The HIV that causes AIDS leaving the body at higher risks of developing more serious conditions like __________.

• Flu like symptoms (fever, chills, appearance of rash, night sweats, muscle aches, sore throat, fatigue, swollen lymph nodes, or the presence of mouth ulcers).

Signs and symptoms for HIV:

2-4 weeks after infection while other people who are already infected with the virus may not feel sick.

The symptoms of the HIV may appear ______.

HIV

________ does not survive long and cannot reproduce outside a human host; once transmitted, it can use your immune system to replicate the virus inside the body.

HIV-2

A related but genetically distinct virus from HIV-1 which was discovered in 1986

1986

When was HIV-2 discovered?

West Africa

The majority of infections of HIV-2 occurred in _______.

HIV-2

Transmitted in the same manner as HIV-1 and may also cause AIDS

HIV-2

Less pathogenic and has a lower rate of transmission

Less pathogenic and has a lower rate of transmission

What is the only difference of HIV-2 to HIV 1?

1. Intimate sexual contact
2. Contact with blood or other body fluids
3. Perinatal (from infected mother to infant)

What are the three major route for HIV?

Intimate sexual contact

Transmission of the virus may happen through vaginal or anal intercourse which is the majority of the cases of HIV infection. Most cases worldwide can be attributed to heterosexual contact. While in the USA, the largest number of cases has resulted from anal intercourse in homosexual males.

Contact with blood or other body fluids (PARENTERAL ROUTE)

●Prevention may include screening of the blood and organ donors for HIV.

● Our bodily fluids like saliva, sputum, nasal secretions, tears, urine, sweat, vomit, and feces are not considered to be infectious unless they contain visible blood.

(1) HIV screening,
(2) administration of Antiretroviral drugs (ARV) to HIV+ pregnant women,
(3) use of infant formula by infected mothers.

Steps to reduce the transmission of Perinatal: