JO150 Test 2

Sensationalism

• Unwholesome interest in violence, sex, and scandal

Dark Age of Journalism

• first third of the 1800s. This time, newspapers aimed at people in business and focused on market prices, etc. News focused on people rich enough to purchase it.

Horace Greely at the Start of Penny Press Era

Started the Penny Press era. He decided to introduce the Penny Newspaper which was the small version of a newspaper. Unfortunately, a snowstorm hit NYC during this time and it outlasted the newspaper and he was running out of money after 3 weeks. Then his partner died in an ice skating accident

Benjamin Day

•  founded the New York Sun which was a cheap small paper aimed at the common people. This became a huge success. Aggressively marketed the paper and was the first editor to use children to market newspapers. He was not an abolitionist which led to conflict between him and one of his writers. 

George Wisner

Printer hired by Benjamin Day. Wrote reports on the police court and the readers responded by saying it changed society. He caused people to start learning to read because they wanted to read the news now that it was for them. He was an abolitionist and left the New York Sun because Day was not an abolitionist.

Richard Adam Locke

 Wisner’s replacement in the New York Sun. Wrote about life on the moon that he claimed he saw through a friend’s powerful telescope. Many of the people he observed were manbats. Eventually confessed to a rival paper that the stories were fake, however, people didn’t care because they were entertained. He also confessed that it was fake in a book he wrote

Newspapers During Penny Press Era

• Grew to be larger than a mom-pop operation during the Penny Press Era. 

• Strikes: Put a lot of newspapers out of business

James Gordon Bennett

Self proclaimed genius of the newspaper press and started the New York Herald. Wrote about the same topic that rich people wanted but in the language of the common people. Wrote about the murder of Helen Jewett who was murdered by her ex-boyfriend, Richard P Robinson, after they broke up. He sent 63 reporters to cover the Civil War. Founder of America’s first great publishing industry

James Gordon Bennett Jr.

Went into the same newspaper business, the New York Herald, as his dad. His name became a substitute for profanity. Went a little crazy because the circulation of the Herald started to drop

Horace Greely’s Return

Arrived in NYC and worked as an editor for New York Journal of Commerce and he was hated by the higher editor because he was ugly. Hired to edit The New Yorker and then “The Log Cabin” which was a newspaper devoted to the cause of William Henry Harrison who was a presidential candidate. Greeley became a political phrase maker and used rhyme to help promote a candidate. Founded the New York Tribune again in 1841. Had content that he thought was going to help educate the masses. Had a huge influence on both journalism and American history. When he started his first newspaper he said that he was starting the newspaper to end slavery. Greeley was a moral crusader who used the newspaper as a tool to make society better. Greeley’s paper merged with Bennett’s paper and by the middle of the 20th century it had developed a great newsroom of journalists.

Greely’s Idea of Journalism

Was to educate and elevate and that it was a tool to make society better.

William Henry Harrison

Presidential candidate that The Log Cabin was dedicated to. Ran against John Tyler and was a military figure

How Civil War Changed News stories

• News was written with the most important parts first because reporters would not know when their telegraph lines to their editors were going to be cut. 

Lincoln and Greely’s Relationship

• Love-hate relationship. Greely became the person that people attacked when they were angry with Lincoln due to their closeness. Greeley was passed over for a position in Lincoln’s cabinet and eventually Lincoln declined to announce the emancipation proclamation in his inaugural address which pissed Greeley off. Greeley wrote the prayer of twenty million that expressed his and others' irritation with Lincoln. Lincoln responded by saying that his main goal was to save the Union not to save or destroy slavery

Jimmy Breslin

• Columnist. Wrote about President Kennedy’s funeral by doing a feature on the grave digger. Approached his assignments in a unique and unheard of way. 

Tom Wolfe

Known for hyperbolic journalism.

Gloria Steinem

• Went undercover to investigate how the servers at Playboy Clubs were treated. 

Henry J Raymond

• Apprentice to Horace Greeley and started the New York Times and turned it into a replica of the New York Tribune. NYTimes was regarded as the crowning achievement of the era. Died young so it fell to his business partner George Jones to take up the newspaper

George Jones

 Was able to jail the most infamous criminals and took over the New York Times after Henry J Raymond died.

Importance of Penny Press

• it introduced mass culture and made the price of citizenship cheap. information no longer property of elite

Joseph Pulitzer

Started his career as a failed military man that got a job at the Westliche Post(german speaking newspaper) while trying to obtain a law degree. Became an editor while also being an attorney, however he was not successful as an attorney because he didn’t speak english. Eventually, he was approached by a political figure who wanted him to run for the next election because they wanted to run things from behind the scenes. Pulitzer wanted to get rid of corrupt people in his government while also writing about this in the Westliche Post

Captain Edward Augustin

was one of the corrupt political bosses who heard about Pulitzer’s work and he headed up to Jefferson City

Fight between Augustin and Pulitzer

Augustin calls Pulitzer a puppy which causes him to leave and get a gun. When Pulitzer comes back they get back into an argument and Pulitzer shoots the gun at Augustin twice, only managing to hit him in the foot. Pulitzer’s crime was charged as self-defense so he didn’t get any legal consequences and he wrote about himself in his newspaper and became revered.

Pulitzer’s Newspaper Business Ventures

Pulitzer retired from the newspaper in his midlife and then bought a newspaper that had an associated press cliency and then sold it to another newspaper. He had now accidentally created his rival for his newspaper.

New Journalism

• Established by Pulitzer and John Albert Cockerill at two St Louis papers. 

John Albert Cockrill

Cokerill’s job was to take Pulitzer’s ideas and put them into play.  He liked to piss off people by exposing the rich higher class. Would throw rotten tomatoes at people. One time Cockerill shot and killed a disgruntled reader. He did not go to jail because it was ruled as self-defense. This turned off his other readers

Pulitzer’s Work Ethic

• ran things through memos but was otherwise very physically distant. 

New York World

Pulizter and Cockerill bought The New York World in 1883 and transformed it overnight because Cockerill had causally murdered someone and they were facing backlash. Therefore, Pulitzer and Cockerill moved their newspaper to NYC

Pulitzer and James Bennet Jr Feud

He made a deal where he lowered the price of his newspaper and raised his advertising rates. To announce the lower price of his newspaper he took a full-page ad in the New York World. The day that this appeared, Pulitzer ran an editorial about how Jamie Bennett and the Herald was not a good newspaper to read from

Pultizer’s formula for success

• News policy, crusades and stunts, editorial pages, illustrations, and self promotions

News Policy

if a little guy is going against a corporation, we are with the little guy bc we are for the individual and we are against big companies even tho we are a big company. See big business and businesspeople as the enemy

Crusades and Stunts

• Ran an editorial on the front page to persuade people to raise money to give the Statue of Liberty a pedestal. This was powerful because it involved the reader in something lasting. It got the readers to identify with the world

Illustration

Boosted illustration game in journalism during a time when it was new and difficult to include photos in newspapers. Created a Sunday newspaper which was supposed to be different and fun. He created fun comics and crosswords for it. The Sunday paper was also printed in color which was different and new

Editorial page

• Pulitzer insisted that the editorial page is of high quality

Self promotion

• Mentioned yourself(news organization) in the attribution. It made the readers feel like they had value and that the World was looking out for them.

Nellie Bly

star stunt reporter and her name was Elizabeth Cockerel. She changed the way that people thought about journalism. She had herself committed to an insane asylum and wrote about it. She wrote about the lack of quality in mental health care and it began a popular series. Replicated later by Rivaldo Carera. Her next stunt was her trying to beat the record that was set around the world in 80 days. Around the World in 80 Days was a fiction novel where a man took different modes of transportation to get around the world. A lot of people followed her story about this for a few months and it forced other newspapers to write about it and advertise it because it was popular. Educated a lot of people about other places in the world. She was a folk hero and an inspiration to millions.

William Randolph Hearst

Random Harvard student who got drunk and read the World constantly. Born in San Francisco and grew up in privilege as the son of a miner who struck it rich. Hearst majored in beer drinking and Pulizter at Harvard then put the old man’s tricks into practice with his dad’s newspaper. Learned the formula for success from reading the World constantly at Harvard. He took over the San Francisco Examiner and tried to build it into a replica of the New York World. Then he decided that he would buy the New York Journal owned by Pulitzer and transform it overnight

Sunday Wars

Clash between both Pulitzer and Heasrt where Hearst invited all the Sunday Newspaper writers for Pulitzer to work for him by promising to double their salary. Then Pulitzer won them back by doubling Hearst’s salary offer. This went on until Pulitzer kicked Hearst out of his office space which happened to be New York World’s building.

Yellow Kid

a comic in the World that Hearst took over bc he had taken the cartoonist that created the Yellow Kid. This created two Yellow Kids in different newspapers. This was ridiculous to everyone so this is why the era is named Yellow journalism

Fredric Remington

A famous artist that Hearst hired to go to Cuba and get photos of the conflict there. After a few days, he sent Hearst a telegram that said “Everything is quiet. There is no trouble. Wish to return.” To which Hearst replied, “Please remain. You furnish the pictures and I’ll furnish the war”.

How Hearst and Pulitzer Exploited the Spanish American War

• The details of the USS Maine that blew up in Havana Harbor were treated as an act of war even though it was just an internal mishap. This was because Hearst and Pulitzer were exploiting it like that. This made the public demand a war causing the Spanish American War.By amplifying the difficult relationship between Cuba and the US, the newspapers are getting more money from their coverage. Therefore they started to exploit and exaggerate the conflict. A lot of Spanish cruelty that was reported was false because the reporters were making up details

Stephen Crane

Author of Red Badge of Courage and was a reporter for both Hearst and Pulitzer before he died of pneumonia. The Open Boat came from his war reporting. He became very powerful and thought he could easily use his newspaper empire as a stepping stone for the presidency

War Casualities

Pulitzer was bothered by how expensive the Spanish war was and Hearst’s journal got wind of this and decided to write a casualty of warpage where name was Col. Reflipe W Thenuz which means “We Pilfer the News”. Then Pulitzer published Lister A Raah which spells Hearst is a Liar. Exploited war casualties to insult each other.

Ambrose Bierce

• Spent some time working for Hearst. Wrote poems on governor of Gov. Goebel that lightly implied his support for the assassination of President McKinley. When President McKinley was assassinated by a reader of the New York Journal, it hurt both Hearst and the NY Journal. 

Jazz Journalism/Roaring Twenties

• First World War had just ended and so had the flu epidemic. A prohibition on alcohol started and that boosted organized crime. Promoted air of frivolity

Lord Northcliffe

• Reverted to the old style of newspaper with great success in Great Britain. Gave more emphasis on pictures and illustrations. Beginning of boom of tabloid journalism

Joseph Medill

 Established the Chicago Tribune. Had a rule that there always had to be a banner headline in block letters. His family ran both the New York Daily News and Chicago Tribune

Joseph Medill Patterson

Established new york daily news. Brought a tabloid to New York. Tabloid newspapers were aimed for working class, brought over from Great Britain

Jazz Journalism Newspapers

New York Daily News(Patterson), New York Daily Graphic(McFadden), New York Daily Mirror(Hearst)

New York Daily Graphic

• Was known for not being accurate and known for making up pictures if they weren’t there to photograph it(Cosmograph)

Don Marquis

Went to work for The New York Sun and he had a frontpage column. He learned how to deal with every columnist’s fear: how ugly blocks of text can look. Started writing Life of Archy and Mehitabel which was poetry written by a cockroach, Archy. Mehitabel was his partner who got jealous and started writing songs???His columns live as literature

Franklin P Adams

Member of Algonquin round table. Had a column in NY Sun where he would solicit engagement from new writers and gave a lot of early writers their star. Wrote poetry about baseball in his column called Baseball’s Sad Lexicon

Dorothy Parker

One of the nation’s most quoted writers. Worked for the New Yorker and Vanity Fair. She was known for her wit

Algonquin Round Table:

Table for well-known journalists

Will Rogers

 Well known cowboy entertainer who wrote columns and was known for one-liners. His daily telegrams were syndicated in hundreds of newspapers. Died in a plane crash in Alaska

Walter Winchell

• Newspaper columnist and powerful person as well as radio personality

• Distinctive staccato voice. Guardian of American Virtue and tried to root out all communists everywhere. Picked fights with a known columnist Ed Sullivan

Damon Runyon

•  Fought in the Spanish American war and afterward got into the newspaper industry. He was the voice of New York in Journalism, fiction, and drama. Did a story about a gambler who put his daughter up as a bet. Did a story about Ruth Snyder of the Dumbbell Murder which was a very upfront story about how Runyon thought it was dumb

Babe Ruth

Baseball was not good in the beginning of the 20s because of the betting scandal earlier which destroyed public opinion of the sport. Babe Ruth boosted Baseball’s popularity

Al Capone

Organized crime boss who was brought down by tax evasion

Floyd Collins

Got stuck caving. Reported on by Skeets Miller who crawled around in the cave to get the story. Skeets Miller won a Pulitzer but it drove him to alcoholism because he had inhibited the rescue

Bob Considine

 Sports writer who wrote a story on a bout between Joe Louis and Max Schmeling. This was seen as a battle between white supremacy and racial freedom because Max Schmeling represented Hilter and Nazis while Joe Louis was an African American boxer. Louis won.

Jazz Journalism Downfall

 Crashed at the end of the 1920’s because of the economic crash. Patterson and the Daily News survived this because they focused less on sensationalism and more on human lives

Orson Welles

• wrote a screenplay on a newspaper titan, Citizen Cane, that made references to Pulitzer and Hearst. Started on the radio and presented a story called War of the World which was about how Martians were invading

Citizen Kane

• Movie was about how the newspaper titan had everything but didn’t have any love from his mother. Story focused on what his last words, Rosebud, meant through the lens of investigative journalism

Hearst’s reaction to Citizen Kane

Hearst did not like this movie because of the connotation that it gave him so he sicked his newspapers on the movie. Hearst pulled a number of strings which made the movie a financial flop to the point where it took 20 years to earn its profit. The last words rosebud reminds Citizen Kane about his childhood however it meant a lot to Hearst and it made him paranoid.

Rosebud Meanings

 Meaning for screenwriters was that Herman Mankiewicz where his new bike had a rosebud near the handle before it was stolen. Meaning for Hearst was that he used that to describe a body part of his lover.

Rupert Murdoch

Bought the New York Post and New York Magazine. Modern-day Hearst. 40 millions newspapers. Chairman of Fox News. Owns the Wall Street Journal. Owned the News of the World which went out of business because they had interfered in a police investigation. Known for sexual news headlines. The sun is similar to the News of the World. Always had nudity in it. About 5 years ago the public revolted against it and the Sun removed it.

New York Post

Primary paper in Ny for working class audience. Rupert took over in late 70s. Known for sensational news titles that were really bad.

Daily News

• Same as the other ones however they do have some good journalism pieces such as investigating police brutality and school shooting reactions

Weekly World News

Eddie Clontz was the editor and this newspaper just has a lot of weird news. Such as a batman child found in a cave

People’s Magazine

Same content as previous one. Called a magazine for people who don’t like to read. Based on attracting and holding the attention of readers.

Yellow Journalism

gave us modern journalism and newspaper. sun day paper. Graphics

Jazz Journalism

gave more prominence to photos, better writing, great columnists.

Press During Revolutionary War

Most political eras in Colonial journalism. Had to take a stand. Neutrality was not an option. Either Radicals who favored Thomas Paine or Torys who favored the crown

Stamp Act/Boycotts

Stamp Act: any newspaper has to be printed on special paper and you have to pay a tax on it. American press got together and discussed their plans to print newspapers under different names so that the Stamp Act was essentially nullified. Press got involved in boycotts

Samuel Adams

Wrote for the most radical of the newspapers, Boston Gazette. Had to start writing under fake names to make it seem like the Gazette had a larger staff than it did. The auxiliary newsroom was the Green Dragon Tavern as discussed in lectures in sections 1 and 2.

Isiah Thomas

Editor of Massachusetts Spy. Published in the Union Oyster House. Everything known about early American journalism comes from him

James Rivington

Was a Tory who lived in New York. Was seen as a representative of the British and was widely hated. Wrote for the New York Gazetteer which was widely circulated. Had a secret life where he was a spy for George Washington and he pretended to be a Tory editor

Newspapers during the Revolution

Newspapers grew in esteem and earned the right to be called American

Press During the Civil War

No war so thoroughly covered by eyewitnesses. Press for both sides. Almost all editorial space is given to war coverage. The inverted pyramid and the byline were both conventions that came into regular use during the war. People in the Department of War often wanted to know who was writing the stories so the journalist’s names were placed at the top of the article through the byline. This only served to heighten the journalist’s ego

Telegraph

which allowed them to send articles and messages through Morse code. Telegraph lines were always being cut

Lincoln and the Press

Lampooned by cartoonists for trying to escape an assassination attempt by changing his hat. Gettysburg Address was roundly criticized in the press. One of the first wars to be photographed. The Emancipation Proclamation changed the war's aims. A lot of newspapers had a strict formula where the fiction writing was the first page and the news was on the second page so Lincoln’s assassination was on the second page.

Newspaper Vendors

Vendors would take out the newspapers as close to the battlefield as possible and sell the newspapers to the soldiers

Lida Dutton

Was a union supporter and she and her sisters became publishers of the Waterford News which was a firm Union newspaper in the Confederate state of Virginia. Confederate soldiers left her and her newspaper alone. John William Hutcherson came to her door one time when he was dying and she saved him and then they got married. nice for them

Matthew Brady

Have a photographic record of the Civil War because of him. Did mostly portraits

Alexander Gardner

Joined Brady in taking photos of the Civil War. Became a leading portrait photographer.

Mary Surratt

her public execution was photographed. She was part of the plot of the assassination of Lincoln. Timothy O Sullivan: went to the west to photograph it after the war. Took pictures of the landscape and the people.

Edward Kennedys

Two unrelated men named the same thing in different generations who falsely reported that the 1st and 2nd World War had ended a day earlier than they did

Robert Capa

 Photojournalists, revered for how he got super close to take these photos. Work was published in Life Magazine. He took indelible pictures of people at war. Capa covered five wars over three decades. Died from a landmine in Vietnam

NYTimes Division during Spanish Civil War

people working at the night copy desk were Catholic and often received stories where Republican fighters captured a city and its church and then made priests dig their graves, emasculated them, and shot them in the dead. This upset the night copyworkers and caused them to skew the news

Herbert Matthews

Has sympathies for the Republican cause

William Carney

Had more sympathy for Nationalists and was sent to cover the war to get the other side bc the night copy desks had asked for it. Wrote a story that said an isolated town was under Nationalists' control, this was a lie uncovered by Herbert Matthews.

George Orwell

he was multi-platformed, and wrote for news broadcasts, radio, novels, magazines, newspapers, etc. Homage to Catalonia was written about this was

Non-traditional Journalists in Spanish Civil War

Hired to cover the war because they had posterity and brought in new readers bc of their renowned

John Dos Passos

Nontraditional journalist. A celebrated writer who switched to go cover the war.

Arthur Kessler

Another celebrity writer

Andre Malaraux

Poet

Ernest Hemmingway

Biggest celebrity writer. Had sympathies for the Republican side. Often hung out with guerrillas. Never reported on crimes of Republican Guerillas that he hung out with, only reported on crimes of Nationalists Guerillas

Martha Gellhorn

Wife to Ernest Hemmingway. Covered war for Holliers Magazine. The best writing was in For Whom the Bell Tolls

Janet Flanner

 wrote for the New Yorker under the pen name, Genet. Wrote pieces in the form of letters because that was protocol for foreign correspondents. Stayed in Paris during the war