Stage Test 1

First Class Medical Under 40

First Class privileges for 12 months then third class privileges for 48 months

Second Class Medical Under 40

Second Class privileges for 12 months then third class privileges for 48 months

Third Class Medical Under 40

Third class privileges for 60 months

First Class Over 40

First class privileges for 6 months, then second class privileges for 6 months, then third class privileges for 12 months

Second Class Over 40

Second class privileges for 12 months, then third class privileges for 12 months

Third Class Over 40

Third class privileges for 24 months

Difference Between Part 141 and Part 61

141 follows a syllabus, 61 does not

Aircraft Category Examples

Airplane, rotorcraft, glider, lighter-than-air, and powered lift

Aircraft Class Examples

Single-engine land, single-engine sea, multi-engine land, multi-engine sea, helicopter, gyroplane, airship, and balloon

Flight Reviews

Must be completed every 24 months, 1 hour of ground and 1 hour of flight

Glider Rating

40 hours as pilot in a heavier-than-air aircraft, 3 hours of flight training in a glider, and 10 solo flights

IM SAFE Checklist

Illness

Medication

Stress

Alcohol

Fatigue

Eating

Emotion

Hazardous Attitudes

Anti-Authority - Follow the rules, they’re usually right

Impulsivity - Not so fast, think first

Invulnerability - It could happen to me

Macho - Taking chances is foolish

Resignation - I’m not helpless, I can make a difference

Controlled Flight Into Terrain

When an airplane is flown into terrain with no prior awareness

Results from weather, unfamiliar environment, nonstandard procedures, breakdown/loss of communication, loss of situational awareness, lack of perception hazards, and lack of sound risk management techniques

Alcohol

FARs require blood alcohol level of less than .04, 8 hours bottle to throttle, and cannot be under the effects of alcohol

POH

Should be followed unless in an emergency

Ailerons

Thumbs point to up aileron

Horizontal Stabilizer

Elevator is attached to the back

Vertical Stabilizer

Rudder is attached to the back

Trim Devices

Help minimize workload

Pilots Operating Handbook and Airplane Flight Manual

Synonymous with each other

AVIATE

Annual Inspection (12 Months)

VOR Inspection (30 Days)

100 Hour Inspection

Altimeter (Pitot/Static) (24 Months)

Transponder (24 Months)

ELT (12 Months)

Annual and 100 Hour

Annual covers 100 Hour but not vise versa

Four Stroke Operating Cycle

Intake

Compression

Power

Exhaust

4 Strokes, 2 Full Cycles

Magnetos

Should see a drop in RPM when one is turned off and the other is left on

Detonation

An uncontrolled, explosive ignition of the fuel/air mix

Preignition

When the fuel/air mix is ignited in advance of normal ignition

Fuel

Most common for piston-powered aircraft is avgas 100 low lead (Blue)

Can use next higher grade of fuel in emergency

87→ 100 → 100LL

Cooling Systems

Engine is mainly cooled by outside air which is let into the engine by cowlings

Propellers

Closer to center = Higher angle of attack

Further from center = Lower angle of attack

Outside cuts air faster, lift is the same throughout the propeller

Airspeed Indicator

Uses both pitot and static pressure to calculate airspeed

Vx

Best angle

Vy

Best climb

Va

Maneuvering speed

Vso

Lower limit of white arc, stalling speed, minimum steady flight in landing

Vs1

Lower limit of green arc, stalling speed, minimum steady flight speed

Vfe

Upper limit of white arc, maximum flaps extended speed

Vno

Upper limit of green arc, maximum cruising speed

Vne

Red line, never exceed speed

White Arc

Flap operating range

Green Arc

Normal operating range

Yellow Arc

The caution range

Altimeter Saying

High to low, look out below

Low to high, you’re in the sky

Both for pressure and temperature

Vertical Speed Indicator

Uses static pressure

Heading Indicator

Uses gyros, can be prone to tumbling, but can be realigned using the magnetic compass on the ground or in straight-and-level flight

Four Forces of Flight

Lift, weight, thrust, and drag

Angle of Attack

Angle between chord line and relative wind

Lift on Wings

Created by low pressure, high speed air on top and high pressure, low speed air on bottom

(Newtons 3rd law and Bernoulli’s principle)

Vertical Axis

Controlled by rudder, creates yawing motion

Longitudinal Stability

Controlled by elevator, aircraft stability about lateral axis

Lateral Stability

Controlled by ailerons, aircraft stability about longitudinal axis

Center of Gravity Aft

Severe control problems

PARE

Power Idle

Ailerons neutral

Rudder opposite

Elevator pressure

Left Turning Tendencies

Torque

Gyroscopic Precession

Asymmetrical Thrust

Spiraling Slipstream

Turns are Accomplished By

Horizontal component of lift

Accelerated Stalls

Stalls that occur from increased G-forces at higher airspeeds

Scanning

Should be done in 10 degree incraments

During Night Flight, Use

Peripheral Vision

Right of Way

Aircraft that have right-of-way: aircraft being overtaken, aircraft to the right, and aircraft in distress

Runway Numbers

Nearest magnetic direction to runway, then rounded to nearest 10 degrees, then 0 is dropped

Displaced Threshold

May not be used for landing, but can be used for taxiing, landing rollout, and takeoffs

Blastpad/Stopway

Cannot be used for landing, takeoff, or taxiing, but can be used in emergencies

Visual Approach Slope Indicator (VASI)

Two bar: red above white, on glide path

Both white, too high

Both red, too low

Precision Approach Path Indicator (PAPI)

Lights installed in a row: Two white to the left, two red on the right, on glide path

All white, too high

All red, too low

Airports

Controlled, blue

Uncontrolled, magenta