ap hug unit 2 - population

Climate

The average weather conditions in an area over a long period of time

Landforms

the natural features of the land's surface

Water Bodies

inland areas of water (rivers, lakes, reservoirs etc)

Distribution

The arrangement of something across Earth's surface.

Arithmetic Density

The total number of people divided by the total land area.

Physiological Density

The number of people per unit of arable land

Agricultural Density

The ratio of the number of farmers to the amount of arable land

Carrying Capacity

the largest population that an environment can support at any given time

Population Pyramid

A bar graph that represents the distribution of population by age and sex

Demographic

relating to the structure of populations

Fertility

the incidence of childbearing in a country's population

Mortality

death

Crude Birth Rate (CBR)

The total number of live births in a year for every 1000 people alive in the society.

Crude Death Rate (CDR)

the number of deaths per 1,000 individuals per year

Dependency Ratio

The number of people under age 15 and over age 64 compared to the number of people active in the labor force

Rate of Natural Increase (RNI)

the difference between number of births and deaths

Population Doubling Time

The number of years it takes a population to double; calculated by dividing the number 72 by the rate of natural increase

Demographic Transition Model

a model of how the size of a population changes as a country develops its economy

DTM Stage One

hunting and gathering society, in which a society has a low total population with fluctuations in both the birth and death rates. When the birth rates are high the death rates are low & vice versa. Example: No countries in this stage.

DTM Stage Two

agricultural society, birth rates remain high but death rates decline because of more stable food sources and the diffusion of modern medicine (birth rates & death rates remain higher than the world average) & technology.Example: Nigeria

DTM Stage Three

industrial society, birth rates start to decline while death rates continue to decline, factories and economies become important (birth/death rates are around the world averages)Example: Brazil

DTM Stage Four

tertiary (service-based) societies, birth rates and death rates are almost equal, no longer an industrial society, rather it has shifted towards post-industrial.Example: USA

DTM Stage Five

low death rates, very low birth rates, decrease in natural increase rate.Example: Japan

Epidemiological Transition Model

The theory that says that there is a distinct cause of death in each stage of the demographic transition model. It can help explain how a country's population changes so dramatically.

ETM Stage 1

Pestilence, famine, and human conflict cause high CDR.

ETM Stage 2

Receding pandemics with improved sanitation and nutrition, rapidly declining CDR

ETM Stage 3

Degenerative and human created diseases. Decrease in human deaths from infectious diseases and an increase in chronic disorders.

ETM Stage 4

medicine delays degenerative diseases; life expectancy reaches a peak

ETM Stage 5

a proposed stage of reemergence of infectious and parasitic diseases and some become resistant to antibiotics; CDR increases

Malthusian Theory

The theory that population grows faster than food supply

Esther Boserup

Geographer who believed that our farming technology will always improve in order to be able to feed the growing population of the planet.

Neomalthusians

a belief that the world is characterized by scarcity and competition in which too many people fight for few resources. Pessimists who warn of the global ecopolitical dangers of uncontrolled population growth.

Pronatalist

Policies that encourage people to have children.

Antinatalist

Policies that discourage people from having children.

Contraception

Intentionally preventing pregnancy from occurring

Laws of Migration (Ravenstein)

1. Most migrations are over a short distance.2. Migration occurs in a series of steps.3. Long-distance migration tends to go to urban areas.4. Migration flows create counter flows.5. Rural residents are more likely to move than an urban residence.6. Women migrate more often inside their country (shorter distances) and men migrate outside of the country (longer distances). -Not true today7. Most migrants are young adult males.8. Migration increases with economic development.9. Migration is mostly due to economic causes.

Ernst Ravenstein

created laws of migration

Migration

movement of people from one place to another

International Migration

Permanent movement from one country to another.

Interregional Migration

Permanent movement from one region of a country to another.

Intraregional Migration

movement within a region

Push Factors

Incentives for potential migrants to leave a place, such as a harsh climate, economic recession, or political turmoil.

Pull Factors

Factors that induce people to move to a new location.

Forced Migration

Human migration flows in which the movers have no choice but to relocate.

Voluntary Migration

Permanent movement undertaken by choice.

Slavery

A system of enforced servitude in which some people are owned by other people.

Refugees

A person who has been forced to leave their country in order to escape war, persecution, or natural disaster

Internally Displaced Person (IDP)

someone who is forced to flee his or her home but who remains within his or her country's borders

Asylum Seeker

a migrant hoping to be declared a refugee in a foreign country

Transnational Migration

a process of movement and settlement across international borders in which individuals maintain or build multiple networks of connection to their country of origin while at the same time settling in a new country

Transhumance

A seasonal periodic movement of pastoralists and their livestock between highland and lowland pastures.

Circular Migration

the temporary and usually repetitive movement of a migrant worker between home and host areas, typically for the purpose of employment

Internal Migration

permanent movement within the same country

Step Migration

Migration to a distant destination that occurs in stages, for example, from farm to nearby village and later to a town and city

Chain Migration

The migration event in which individuals follow the migratory path of preceding friends or family members to an existing community.

Guest Workers

legal immigrant who has work visa, usually short term

Rural to Urban Migration

the movement of people from the countryside to the city