COMPLETE Bio 266 Final exam study guide

Bundles of white matter in the cerebrum are known as:

A) nuclei

B) nerves

C) tracts

D) ganglia

C) tracts

Which statement best describes the circadian rhythm?

A) In a 24-hour period of time, we feel the most awake after eating breakfast

B) In a 24-hour period of time, adults require at least 8 hours of sleep to feel rested

C) In a 24-hour period of time, we feel most sleepy during brightest period of the day

D) In a 24-hour period of time, we spend a period of time awake and a period of time asleep

D) In a 24-hour period of time, we spend a period of time awake and a period of time asleep

What part of the motor pathway inhibits inappropriate movements?

A) occipital lobe

B) basal nuclei

C) primary motor cortex

D) cerebellum

B) basal nuclei

Which lobe is situated posteriorly in each cerebral hemisphere?

A) parietal

B) frontal

C) temporal

D) occipital

D) occipital

What part of the cerebral cortex is responsible for personality, the creation of an awareness of self, and the ability to recognize appropriate behavior?

A) Wernicke's area

B) parietal association cortex

C) temporal association cortex

D) prefrontal cortex

D) prefrontal cortex

What portion of the brainstem blends with the spinal cord after passing through the foramen magnum?

A) pons

B) medulla oblongata

C) hypothalamus

D) midbrain

B) medulla oblongata

Select the letter that represents the location of the primary motor cortex.

A) A

B) B

C) C

D) D

A) A

The thalamus receives information from all of the following senses EXCEPT for:

A) smell

B) hearing

C) taste

D) vision

A) smell

In the spinal cord, nerve tracts or funiculi make up the:

A) gray horns

B) gray commissure

C) white columns

D) central canal

C) white columns

Which special sense does NOT travel through the thalamus at any point in its transmission?

A) vision

B) hearing

C) gustation

D) olfaction

D) olfaction

What part of the brain is responsible for cognition?

A) thalamus

B) hypothalamus

C) cerebral cortex

D) reticular formation

C) cerebral cortex

Which brain nucleus serves as the body's "master clock"?

A) suprachiasmatic nucleus

B) caudate nucleus

C) basal nucleus

D) lentiform nucleus

A) suprachiasmatic nucleus

What provides a link between the nervous system and the endocrine system?

A) thalamus

B) pons

C) cerebellum

D) hypothalamus

D) hypothalamus

What are the three primary brain vesicles that form from the neural tube?

A) forebrain, midbrain, hindbrain

B) mesencephalon, telencephalon, diencephalon

C) brainstem, diencephalon, cerebellum

D) midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata

A) forebrain, midbrain, hindbrain

Which description best matches the location of white matter?

A) In the spinal cord, white matter is superficial while cerebral white matter is deep

B) In both the brain and spinal cord, white matter is superficial

C) In both the brain and spinal cord, white matter is deep

D) In the spinal cord, white matter is deep while cerebral white matter is superficial

A) In the spinal cord, white matter is superficial while cerebral white matter is deep

Heidi sustained damage to her spinal cord in a car accident. She has no difficulty moving her arm but has lost some sensation in her arm. What part of her spinal cord must have been injured?

A) corticospinal tract of spinal white matter

B) posterior horn of spinal gray matter

C) lateral horn of spinal gray matter

D) anterior horn of spinal gray matter

B) posterior horn of spinal gray matter

Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is formed by ________ and reabsorbed through arachnoid granulations into ________.

A) the cerebral aqueduct; arachnoid villi

B) dural sinuses; ependymal cells

C) astrocytes; ependymal cells

D) choroid plexuses; dural sinuses

D) choroid plexuses; dural sinuses

The spinal cord lacks a portion of the dura mater known as the:

A) epidural space

B) meningeal layer

C) periosteal layer

D) subdural space

C) periosteal layer

What type of fiber carries information from the frontal lobe of the right cerebral hemisphere to the occipital lobe of the same cerebral hemisphere?

A) association fibers

B) projection fibers

C) corpus callosum

D) commissural fibers

A) association fibers

What information is received by the primary vestibular cortex?

A) vision

B) taste

C) hearing

D) equilibrium

D) equilibrium

What is situated inferior to the conus medullaris of the spinal cord?

A) posterior median sulcus

B) lumbar enlargement

C) cervical enlargement

D) cauda equina

D) cauda equina

What is housed in the pyramidal tracts of the medulla oblongata?

A) lower sensory neurons of the corticospinal tract

B) upper sensory neurons of the corticospinal tract

C) lower motor neurons of the corticospinal tract

D) upper motor neurons of the corticospinal tract

D) upper motor neurons of the corticospinal tract

The neurotransmitter orexin plays a role in:

A) the promotion of wakefulness.

B) the regulation of metabolism.

C) the promotion of sleepiness.

D) body temperature regulation.

A) the promotion of wakefulness.

An injury to the spinal cord is not possible below the:

A) second lumbar vertebra.

B) fourth cervical vertebra.

C) ninth thoracic vertebra.

D) second thoracic vertebra.

A) second lumbar vertebra.

The brainstem connects the brain and the:

A) cerebellum

B) eyes

C) ventricles

D) spinal cord

D) spinal cord

What is NOT a function of the reticular formation?

A) modulation of pain transmission

B) sleep

C) memory

D) maintaining wakefulness

C) memory

What part of the brain modifies the activity of upper motor neurons to produce voluntary movements and inhibit involuntary ones?

A) basal nuclei

B) primary motor cortex

C) premotor cortex

D) cerebellum

A) basal nuclei

What brain region is responsible for learning, memory, and personality?

A) cerebrum

B) brainstem

C) diencephalon

D) cerebellum

A) cerebrum

The hypothalamus functions in:

A) regulating the autonomic nervous system

B) coordinating movement

C) secreting a hormone called melatonin

D) sending information to the cerebral cortex

A) regulating the autonomic nervous system

An elevated ridge on the surface of the cerebrum is known as a:

A) furrow

B) fissure

C) gyrus

D) sulcus

C) gyrus

In what dura mater fold is the superior sagittal sinus located?

A) tentorium cerebelli

B) falx cerebelli

C) falx cerebri

D) tentorium cerebri

C) falx cerebri

Giada experienced damage to a sensory neuron in the PNS. Which neuron sustained damage?

A) interneuron

B) third-order neuron

C) second-order neuron

D) first-order neuron

D) first-order neuron

What part of the spinal cord carries motor information from the brain?

A) corticospinal tract

B) posterior column

C) anterolateral system

D) spinocerebellar tract

A) corticospinal tract

What do you expect to see if the activity of the reticular formation is decreased?

A) increased level of consciousness

B) increased metabolism

C) decreased level of consciousness

D) fever

C) decreased level of consciousness

Todd was startled when the door slammed shut. What part of the brainstem is responsible for this reflex?

A) midbrain

B) thalamus

C) medulla

D) pons

A) midbrain

The majority of the cerebral cortex is:

A) fiber tracts

B) neocortex

C) white matter

D) cerebellum

B) neocortex

What part of the brain is the "boss" of the autonomic nervous system (ANS)?

A) hypothalamus

B) pons

C) basal nuclei

D) thalamus

A) hypothalamus

Which of the following does NOT belong to the brachial plexus?

A) median nerve

B) phrenic nerve

C) ulnar nerve

D) musculocutaneous nerve

B) phrenic nerve

In the crossed-extension reflex, if the right leg flexes, then the left leg:

A) extends

B) flexes

C) abducts

D) adducts

A) extends

Mixed nerves house:

A) somatic neurons only

B) motor neurons only

C) sensory neurons only

D) both sensory and motor neurons

D) both sensory and motor neurons

The geniculate ganglion is one of several ganglia that house cell bodies of the sensory root of the:

A) vagus nerve (X)

B) trigeminal nerve (V)

C) facial nerve (VII)

D) glossopharyngeal nerve (IX)

C) facial nerve (VII)

Which cranial nerve is NOT involved in eye movement?

A) oculomotor nerve (III)

B) abducens nerve (VI)

C) trochlear nerve (IV)

D) vestibulocochlear nerve (VIII)

D) vestibulocochlear nerve (VIII)

Which division detects stimuli of the general senses and special senses?

A) visceral motor division (autonomic nervous system)

B) visceral sensory division

C) somatic sensory division

D) somatic motor division

C) somatic sensory division

What type of neuron contacts a muscle fiber and initiates a muscle contraction?

A) interneuron

B) upper motor neuron

C) sensory neuron

D) lower motor neuron

D) lower motor neuron

What cranial nerves are involved in the sensory and the motor roles for the corneal blink reflex?

A) glossopharyngeal nerve (IX) as sensory, oculomotor nerve (III) as motor

B) optic nerve (II) as sensory, oculomotor nerve (III) as motor

C) trigeminal nerve (V) as sensory; facial nerve (VII) as motor

D) trochlear nerve (IV) as sensory, abducens nerve (VI) as motor

C) trigeminal nerve (V) as sensory; facial nerve (VII) as motor

What is the name of cranial nerve VIII?

A) facial nerve

B) glossopharyngeal nerve

C) vestibulocochlear nerve

D) trigeminal nerve

C) vestibulocochlear nerve

Striking the "funny" bone is actually stimulation (or injury) to the:

A) radial nerve

B) ulnar nerve

C) axillary nerve

D) median nerve

B) ulnar nerve

Which muscle or muscle group is served by the femoral nerve?

A) quadriceps femoris group

B) gastrocnemius

C) hamstring group

D) gluteus maximus

A) quadriceps femoris group

The speed of nerve impulse transmission through the axon of a sensory neuron will be quickest in:

A) a small-diameter, unmyelinated axon

B) axons with a greater receptive field

C) axons that adapt to stimuli

D) a large-diameter, myelinated axon

D) a large-diameter, myelinated axon

What connective tissue sheath wraps the axon of a neuron?

A) fascicle

B) perineurium

C) epineurium

D) endoneurium

D) endoneurium

Which of the following is INCORRECT about the numbers of spinal nerves?

A) 5 pairs of lumbar spinal nerves

B) 12 pairs of thoracic spinal nerves

C) 5 pairs of sacral spinal nerves

D) 7 pairs of cervical spinal nerves

D) 7 pairs of cervical spinal nerves

Determine the polysynaptic reflex from this list of examples.

A) simple stretch reflex

B) flexion (withdrawal) reflex

C) jaw-jerk reflex

D) patellar (knee-jerk) reflex

B) flexion (withdrawal) reflex

Bundles of axons within a nerve are known as:

A) fascicles

B) the endoneurium

C) dendrites

D) the perineurium

A) fascicles

The anterior root and posterior root fuse to form a(n):

A) spinal nerve

B) posterior horn

C) posterior (dorsal) root ganglion

D) anterior horn

A) spinal nerve

The sympathetic nervous system and parasympathetic nervous system are divisions of the:

A) visceral sensory division

B) visceral motor division (or autonomic nervous system, ANS)

C) somatic sensory division

D) somatic motor division

B) visceral motor division (or autonomic nervous system, ANS)

The cranial nerves that have neural connections with the tongue include all of the following EXCEPT:

A) trochlear nerve (IV)

B) facial nerve (VII)

C)glossopharyngeal nerve (IX)

D) trigeminal nerve (V)

A) trochlear nerve (IV)

You feel a mosquito land on your arm. This stimulus is carried to the central nervous system (CNS) by the:

A) somatic motor division

B) visceral motor division (autonomic nervous system)

C) visceral sensory division

D) somatic sensory division

D) somatic sensory division

Which plexus provides motor and sensory innervation to the upper limb?

A) cranial plexus

B) sacral plexus

C) lumbar plexus

D) brachial plexus

D) brachial plexus

The inability to produce a gag reflex could indicate a problem with the:

A) facial nerve (VII) or trigeminal nerve (V)

B) hypoglossal nerve (XII) or vestibulocochlear nerve (VIII)

C) glossopharyngeal nerve (IX) or vagus nerve (X)

D) abducens nerve (VI) or trochlear nerve (IV)

C) glossopharyngeal nerve (IX) or vagus nerve (X)

A network of nerves is known as a:

A) root

B) horn

C) ramus

D) plexus

D) plexus

Photoreceptors are found only in the:

A) mouth

B) eye

C) nose

D) ear

B) eye

The stretch of a full urinary bladder is detected by a(n):

A) thermoreceptor

B) interoceptor

C) exteroceptor

D) photoreceptor

B) interoceptor

Regions of skin supplied by a spinal nerve for somatic sensation are known as:

A) dermatomes

B) lines of cleavage

C) the ABCDE rule

D) the rule of nines

A) dermatomes

Which division of the peripheral nervous system (PNS) detects stimuli and carries them to the central nervous system (CNS)?

A) motor

B) autonomic

C) sensory

D) sympathetic

C) sensory

What specific spinal nerve branch controls the movement of rectus abdominis, a skeletal muscle on the anterior surface of the body?

A) anterior ramus

B) posterior (dorsal) root ganglion

C) posterior root

D) posterior ramus

A) anterior ramus

What effect does the parasympathetic nervous system have on heart rate?

A) no effect on heart rate

B) at first decreases, then increases heart rate

C) increases heart rate

D) decreases heart rate

D) decreases heart rate

Drugs known as beta-blockers may be useful in treating:

A) asthma

B) opiate withdrawal

C) benign prostatic hyperplasia

D) a fast heart rate

D) a fast heart rate

What best characterizes the function of the parasympathetic nervous system?

A) The parasympathetic nervous system prepares the body for emergency situations

B) The parasympathetic nervous system prepares the body for physical activity

C) The parasympathetic nervous system maintains homeostasis when the body is at rest

D) The parasympathetic nervous system is the "fight or flight" system

C) The parasympathetic nervous system maintains homeostasis when the body is at rest

What receptor is found in the membranes of all postganglionic parasympathetic neurons?

A) muscarinic

B) nicotinic

C) beta

D) alpha

B) nicotinic

If a drug is administered to block the heart's adrenergic receptors, how is heart rate affected during exercise?

A) Heart rate will increase in response to the drug

B) The heart will stop beating

C) The drug has no effect on heart rate during exercise

D) Heart rate will be unable to increase in response to exercise

D) Heart rate will be unable to increase in response to exercise

Which nervous system usually maintains a heart rate of 72 beats per minute?

A) somatic nervous system

B) sympathetic nervous system

C) parasympathetic nervous system

D) central nervous system

C) parasympathetic nervous system

A drug decreases heart rate by blocking a receptor on cardiac muscle cells. This drug probably binds to:

A) B2 receptors

B) B1 receptors

C) nicotinic cholinergic receptors

D) a1 receptors

B) B1 receptors

As Lisa drove home, she was suddenly alerted to the sound of a blaring horn and realized she had drifted off to sleep. Which nervous system division dominated when she was startled awake?

A) somatic nervous system

B) parasympathetic nervous system

C) sympathetic nervous system

D) sensory nervous system

C) sympathetic nervous system

Where are the ganglia of the parasympathetic nervous system located?

A) close to the spinal cord

B) near the cells or organ being innervated by parasympathetic postganglionic neurons

C) near the parasympathetic preganglionic neuron

D) close to the brain

B) near the cells or organ being innervated by parasympathetic postganglionic neurons

Due to an accident, Lori's sacral nerves are severed. What do you expect to be affected by this injury?

A) urinary bladder and the last portion of the large intestine

B) production of saliva

C) heart and lungs

D) blood pressure and heart rate

A) urinary bladder and the last portion of the large intestine

What is found between the preganglionic neuron and postganglionic neuron of a visceral reflex arc?

A) spinal cord

B) central nervous system (CNS)

C) target cell

D) autonomic ganglion

D) autonomic ganglion

Which of the following innervates target cells or organs of the autonomic nervous system (ANS)?

A) postganglionic neuron

B) somatic motor neuron

C) preganglionic neuron

D) autonomic ganglion

A) postganglionic neuron

Maddie planned to go for a swim after dinner. But, after a large meal, she decided to rest rather than swim. What neurotransmitter promotes rest by binding muscarinic receptors after her meal?

A) acetylcholine

B) norepinephrine

C) adrenalin

D) epinephrine

A) acetylcholine

Decreased parasympathetic stimulation could cause:

A) frequent urination

B) a dry mouth

C) a slow heart rate

D) diarrhea

B) a dry mouth

What two systems are interfaced by the adrenal medulla?

A) parasympathetic nervous system and sympathetic nervous system

B) parasympathetic nervous system and endocrine system

C) sympathetic nervous system and endocrine system

D) somatic nervous system and autonomic nervous system

C) sympathetic nervous system and endocrine system

What type of receptor is located in the membranes of all parasympathetic target cells?

A) beta receptor

B) alpha receptor

C) muscarinic receptor

D) nicotinic receptor

C) muscarinic receptor

Autonomic motor neurons do NOT innervate:

A) skeletal muscle cells

B) glands

C) cardiac muscle cells

D) smooth muscle cells

A) skeletal muscle cells

Receptors that bind acetylcholine are known as:

A) beta

B) alpha

C) adrenergic

D) cholinergic

D) cholinergic

Which division of the autonomic nervous system (ANS) promotes homeostasis when the body is engaged in any type of physical work?

A) sympathetic nervous system

B) parasympathetic nervous system

C) sensory nervous system

D) somatic nervous system

A) sympathetic nervous system

Which nervous system division works antagonistically to the sympathetic nervous system?

A) parasympathetic nervous system

B) somatic nervous system

C) central nervous system

D) sensory nervous system

A) parasympathetic nervous system

The adrenal medulla serves to supplement:

A) the parasympathetic nervous system

B) the sympathetic nervous system

C) the somatic nervous system

D) both the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems

B) the sympathetic nervous system

What is the function of the lens?

A) The lens nourishes the retina

B) The lens reduces the scattering of light

C) The lens controls the amount of light passing through the pupil

D) The lens focuses light on the retina

D) The lens focuses light on the retina

As sound waves travel into the ear, they pass from the auditory canal to the:

A) tympanic membrane, auditory ossicles, oval window, endolymph, scala vestibuli of the cochlea

B) tympanic membrane, oval window, auditory ossicles, perilymph, scala vestibuli of the cochlea

C) tympanic membrane, auditory ossicles, oval window, perilymph, scala vestibuli of the cochlea

D) tympanic membrane, auditory ossicles, round window, perilymph, scala vestibuli of the cochlea

C) tympanic membrane, auditory ossicles, oval window, perilymph, scala vestibuli of the cochlea

The vibrations received by the tympanic membrane are transferred to the oval window by the:

A) stapedius muscle

B) auditory ossicles

C) cochlea

D) oval window

B) auditory ossicles

The ability of the lens to change its shape from flattened to round is known as:

A) accommodation

B) convergence

C) refraction

D) inversion

A) accommodation

A weak superior oblique muscle would impair:

A) superior movement of the eye

B) depression of the eye and lateral movement

C) inferior and lateral movement of the eye

D) lateral movement and elevation of the eye

B) depression of the eye and lateral movement

When sound waves bend stereocilia, what happens?

A) Hearing loss results

B) Hair cells depolarize, releasing neurotransmitter, and triggering an action potential

C) The force of the sound waves is converted into mechanical energy

D) Hair cells hyperpolarize as potassium flows into the cell through open channels

B) Hair cells depolarize, releasing neurotransmitter, and triggering an action potential

The three layers of the eyeball, from outer to inner, are:

A) fibrous, vascular, and neural layers

B) fibrous, neural, and vascular layers

C) vascular, neural, and fibrous layers

D) neural, vascular, and fibrous layers

A) fibrous, vascular, and neural layers

Where does the conscious awareness of sound begin, along with the analysis of its pitch, location, and loudness?

A) frontal lobe

B) temporal lobe

C) occipital lobe

D) parietal lobe

B) temporal lobe

What nerves carry information about the special senses to the CNS?

A) spinal nerves only

B) cervical nerves only

C) cranial nerves only

D) both cranial and spinal nerves

C) cranial nerves only

In the light-adapted state:

A) colors are dull

B) rods are bleached and unable to function

C) we can only see color and not black and white

D) we could see better in the dark

B) rods are bleached and unable to function

The activation of olfactory receptors requires that the odorant become immersed in:

A) blood

B) mucus

C) cerumen

D) saliva

B) mucus

A person who has a cochlear implant needs this device for:

A) the prevention of nausea

B) the prevention of dizziness

C) balance

D) hearing

D) hearing

Identify the cranial nerves NOT involved in carrying taste information from the tongue into the CNS.

A) hypoglossal nerves (CN XII)

B) facial nerves (CN VII)

C) vagus nerves (CN X)

D) glossopharyngeal nerves (CN IX)

A) hypoglossal nerves (CN XII)

Neural sensory signals are relayed to the thalamus, EXCEPT for the sensation of:

A) vision

B) dynamic equilibrium

C) olfaction

D) hearing

C) olfaction